• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Indongcho(L. japonica Thunb) powder on blood glucose, serum lipid levels and antioxidative enzymes in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of rats(3-week-old inbred Sprague-Dawley male rats) were normal rats fed control diet(NC), diabetic rats fed control diet(DC), normal rats fed Indongcho powder diet(NI), and diabetic rats fed Indongcho powder diet(DI). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg B.W., i.p.). The animals were fed ad libium each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Food and water intakes were determined everyday. Blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels were determined every week. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed and activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were determined in their liver and kidney homogenates. We also determined serum concentrations of total lipid(TL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C). Blood sugar and water intake were higher in diabetic group(DC and DI group) than normal group(NC and NI group) and were not significantly decreased by dietary Indongcho intake. Body weight gain and FER(feed efficiency ratio) were reduced by STZ treatment. But, Final body weight was recovered by Indongcho-contained diet. LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) of the DI g re up was significantly lower than the other experimental groups(NC, NI and DC groups). The hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity of the groups fed Indongcho diet(NI and DI group) was lower than the groups fed control diet(NC and DC group) and the G6Pase activity of NI group was recovered to the normal levels(p<0.05). However, The glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and glutathione reductase(GR) activities in liver and G6Pase activity in kidney were not statistically different between the control and diabetic control groups. Renal GST activity of the DI group was recovered by Indongcho intake. In conclusion, these results confirm oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats with STZ diabetes and antioxidative effect of Indongcho.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

The effects of each component (water extracts, alcohol extracts, lipophillic extracts, total saponin, panaxadiol, panaxatriol) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. 20∼25g ICR mouse which were pretreated with 50 mg/kg body weight of red ginseng component for 15 days. The ability of red ginseng component to protect against oxidative damage to the mouse liver was examined by determining the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA), hydroperoxide (H$_2$O$_2$) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase. The hepatic total-SOD activity was highest in lipophilic extracts group and panaxadiol group next (p<0.01). The content of hepatic hydroperoxide was lowest in the order of panaxatriol group and alcohol extracts group (p < 0.01). The hepatic catalase activity in the liver was highest in order of lipophillic extracts group (p <0.01) and total saponin group (p<0.05). Finally the lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was lowest in lipophillic extracts group, alcohol extracts group and panaxadiol next (p <0.01). In conclusion, the order of effectiveness of antioxidants was to be lipophillic extracts>panaxadiol >total saponins.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2015

To increase antioxidative activity of Chungkukjang, the protective effect of Seoritae Chungkukjang (SC) added with green tea powder against oxidative stress was evaluated under the cellular system using LLC-$PK_1$ cells. The treatment of 3-morpholinosydnonimine showed increase in lipid peroxidation, and decrease in endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes activity and cell viability. The methanol extract of SC inhibited lipid peroxidation by 70.9%, and significantly increased cell viability up to more than 33.2%. In addition, it enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Particularly, the addition of green tea in SC exerted protective effect against oxidative stress by ONOO- through elevation in activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. More addition of green tea showed stronger protective activity. These results suggest that the addition of green tea to SC leads to the increase in the antioxidative effect of Chungkukjang through elevation in antioxidative enzyme activities and protection from lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.957-964
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• 2008

Antioxidative, antidiabetes, antibacterial, anticancer and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of methanol extracts of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were investigated. Total polyphenol content of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were 147.79, 301.45 and $315.90\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively, of which fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves had significantly higher total polyphenol than dried persimmon. Activities of DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and salivary $\alpha$-amylase inhibition were increased in persimmon leaves related to total polyphenol contents. Anticancer activities against AGS of fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were $65{\sim}70%$; however, there were no significant differences between dried persimmon and fresh persimmon on free radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of salivary $\alpha$-amylase. Also, extracts of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves showed good ACE inhibitory activities. Dried persimmon and fresh persimmon showed antibacterial activities on E.coli O157:H7. Therefore, there are many difference activities by dried and parts of persimmon. From this result, it is suggested that persimmon leaves is believed to have possible antioxidative, antidiabetes and anticancer capacities by polyphenol, but further studies on the identification of the active compound(s) as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antibacterial materials will be needed to develop a better understanding of its potency on persimmons.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.559-565
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• 2002

The physiological functionalities such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidative activity, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and bile acid binding capacity were measured for the solvent-fractionated methanol extracts of Alaska pollack sik-hae at various time intervals during fermentation. Two temperature schemes of fermentation were studied: constant temperature of 2$0^{\circ}C$ (A) and stepwise change from 2$0^{\circ}C$ (10 days) to 5$^{\circ}C$ (B). The methanol extracts of Alaska pollack sik-hae showed antimicrobial activities against 9 kinds of micro-organisms including pathogenic and food poisoning strains. Among these, gram positive bacteria, in particular Staphylococcus aureus, showed more sensitivity to the extracts than gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antioxidative activity (EDA$_{50}$) increased until 15 days (A, 0.92 mg/$m\ell$) or 16 days of fermentation (B, 0.94 mg/$m\ell$), and then gradually decreased. ACE inhibitory activity was observed in all fermentation time except 0 day, and bile acid binding capacity at 15 days (A) and 16 days (B) only.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2001

To study whether the secondary toxic substances such as ethylene and reactive oxygen species(ROS) are induced by air pollutants in foliage plants, $SO_2$ was fumigated to Pachira aquatica, Spathiphyllum patinii, and Hedera helix. $SO_2$ was controlled to $1\;{\mu}L/L$ and then fiumigated to plants for 2 days(8 hrs/day). It resulted in visible injury in P. aquatica and H. helix while no symptom appeared in S. patinii. Photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were most remarkably reduced in P. aquatica compared to other two species whereas least in S. patinii. Two days after $SO_2$ fumigation, ethylene evolution was quantified to 23.56, 10.43 and 4.79 nL/g/h in P. aquatica, H. helix and S patinii, respectively. On the other hand, antioxidative enzymes were clearly activated by $SO_2$ treatment in all tested plant species implying ROS production. In conclusion, we could suggest that ethylene and ROS have been intimately related to the defense mechanism against $SO_2$ and their induction degree increased with plant susceptibility to $SO_2$. Furthermore, it was found that S. patinii was tolerant and P. aquatica sensitive to $SO_2$ on the basis of antioxidative enzyme activity and ethylene evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin A or $\beta$-carotene on oxidative damage induced by acute ethanol administration. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on the experimental diets supplemented with retinyl acetate (2.86 mg/kg diet) or $\beta$-carotene (15.2 mg/kg diet) for 5 weeks. After fed the diet, rats were administered 20% ethanol solution (3g/kg B.W.) acutely. Lipid peroxide values in hepatic tissue, hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities and contents of antioxidative nutrient such as vitamins A and E in serum and hepatic tissue were measured. Hepatic level of malondialdehyde decreased in $\beta$-carotene group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in retinal acetate group than in the control group. Hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity of retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups significantly decreased as compared with that of control group. The hepatic content of retinol increased in retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups, especially, in retinyl acetate group. But there was no significant difference in serum content of retinol among the groups. Hepatic content of $\alpha$-tocopherol was significantly increased in retinyl acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. In conclusion, acute ethanol administration might induce lipid peroxidation, and the dietary supplementation of retinyl acetate or $\beta$-carotene improve partly the antioxidative system through activation of superoxide dismutase and retention of hepatic $\alpha$-tocopherol in ethanol-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1337-1343
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• 2003

Diabetes mellitus has been known to be a state of increased oxidative stress. Free radical formation and lipid peroxidation are accelerated in this metabolic disorder. Buchu (Allium tuberosum Rottler) contains lots of antioxidative nutrients such as chlorophyll, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene, phenolic compounds and sulfur compounds. To investigate the protective effects of buchu, 10% lyophilized buchu diet was fed to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 14 weeks and lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, contents of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidative enzymes and contents of accumulated lipofuscin were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Hepatic MDA and carbonyl contents tended to decrease in 10% buchu diet group compared with control group. Dietary buchu significantly suppressed lipid and protein oxidation in the skin of rats (p<0.05). Contents of hepatic hydroxyl radicals, which exert the highest toxicity among the reactive oxygen species, were significantly decreased in rats fed 10% buchu diet (P<0.05). Activities of antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, tended to increase in liver and skin of rats fed 10% buchu diet, while hepatic catalase activity was significantly increased in buchu group compared with control group. Buchu supplementation significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipofuscin, an end-product of lipid peroxidation reactions induced by reactive oxygen radicals, in eye tissues compared with control diet (p<0.001). In conclusion, buchu supplementation diminished the oxidative stress, so dietary buchu could help to attenuate diabetes complications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.660-664
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• 2011

We investigated the improvement of the antioxidative activity of black garlic with enzymatic treatment and lactic acid bacteria cultivation conditions. Celluclast, a commercially-available polysaccharide hydrolyase, was selected to obtain high total polyphenol content in a black garlic suspension. A lactic acid bacterial strain showing fast growth and high acid production in a black garlic suspension was isolated from Kimchi. This strain was identified as Lactobacillus pentosus 310-7. Enzymatically hydrolyzed black garlic was fermented using the L. pentosus 310-7 strain at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 hr. The pH and titratable acidity achieved were 4.24 and 0.35%, respectively, after 15 hr fermentation. The viable cell population of L. pentosus 310-7 slowly increased to 7.54 log CFU/g. The polyphenolic compound content, known antioxidants, in black garlic was enhanced with Celluclast treatment and L. pentosus 310-7 cultivation. Total polyphenolic compounds were increased to approximately 60% of the initial concentration, and electron donating ability was also improved, from 39.8 to 65.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of green tea seed extract (GSE) against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts. GSE was first analyzed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Treatment of UV-irradiated fibroblast with GSE at 10~50 ${\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. GSE treatment inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) expression and MMP-1 secretion caused by UVB irradiation. Moreover, treatment with GSE significantly increased type-1 collagen expression and production. We next examined levels of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, catalase, and GPx). Reduced antioxidative enzyme activities caused by UVB irradiation were recovered by treatment with GSE at 30 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 50 ${\mu}g/mL$. In conclusion, these results show that GSE has protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage in human skin fibroblasts by regulating antioxidative defense systems and MMP expression.