• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2003

목 적 : 연도별 항균제 감수성의 추이를 파악하는 것은 항생제 치료에 대한 정보를 얻는데 매우 중요하다. 이에 저자들은 1997년부터 2001년까지의 혈액, 뇨, 분변 및 뇌척수액에서 분리된 균종 및 그들의 항균제 감수성검사를 분석하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 1월부터 2001년 12월 사이에 신생아에서 18세까지의 한일병원 소아과 외래 및 입원환아로부터 혈액, 요, 분변 및 뇌척수액에서 분리된 검출물을 대상으로 검사대장을 통해서 원인균주와 항균제 감수성 검사를 후향적으로 조사 분석하였다. 결 과 : 6,974검체의 혈액배양에서 226검체(3.3%), 4,549검체의 요배양에서 365검체(8.0%), 2,593검체의 분변 배양에서 50검체(1.9%) 및 655검체의 뇌척수액배양에서 9검체(1.4%)로부터 원인 균주가 분리되었다. 1) 혈액배양에서 Staphylococcus epidermidis(33.5%), Staphylococcus aureus(19.7%), Escherichia coli(13.8%)와 Burkholderia cepacia(9.0%) 순으로 많았고 요배양에서 E. coli(74.7%), GroupD Enterococcus(11.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae(7.1%)와 Proteus mirabilis(2.5%) 순으로 많았으며 분변배양에서 Group D Salmonella 및 뇌척수액배양에서 Group B Streptococcus가 많이 분리되었다. 연도별 주요 원인균주의 빈도는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 2) 혈액배양에서 40명의 S. aureus 양성 환아 중 27명에서 methicillin에 내성을 갖는 S. aureus가 관찰되었다. 3) 혈액배양에서의 E. coli의 amikacin과 3세대 cephalosporin제제인 ceftizoxime 및 ceftriaxone에 대한 감수성률은 1997년도에 각각 80%, 100%, 80%와 2001년도에 각각 60%, 80%, 60%이었고 요배양에서 K. pneumoniae의 amikacin과 ceftizoxime 및 ceftriaxone에 대한 감수성률은 1997년도에 각각 80%, 100%, 80%와 2001년도에 각각 50%, 83%, 50%이었다. 4) 요배양에서의 Group D Enterococcus 양성률은 1997년도에 6.7%에서 2001년에는 15.8%에서 분리되었으며 다약제 내성을 보였고, 특히 vancomycin에 대해서는 11~33% 정도의 균주가 내성을 보였다. 5) Group D Salmonella의 amikacin과 3세대 cephalosporin계 항생제인 ceftizoxime 및 ceftriaxone에 대한 감수성률은 각각 96%, 96%, 92%이었다. 결 론 : 혈액배양에서 methicillin에 내성을 갖는 S. aureus가 67%에서 관찰되었으나 vancomycin에 내성을 갖는 S. aureus는 관찰되지 않았다. 혈액배양에서의 E. coli와 요배양에서의 K. pneumoniae의 amikacin과 3세대 cephalosporin제제에 대한 내성이 증가하는 경향이었으며 요배양에서의 Group D Enterococcus의 검출율이 증가하였고, vancomycin에 대한 내성이 17%에서 관찰되었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

Survey of mastitis management and incidence of mastitis in the Gyeongnam was started in May to September 2009 to solve mastitis problem statistically valid data for use in estimating mastitis management, isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility in 30 dairy farms having over 350,000/ml somatic cell count. In investigation on recognition of farmer about bovine mastitis, the ratio of understanding of differences between infectious and environmental origin, understanding of correlation between superbacteria and using indiscriminate, necessity of pathogen identification, and necessity of antimicrobial sensitivity tests were 80.0%, 73.3%, 33.3%, and 53.3%, respectively. In survey of mastitis management type, regular california mastitis test (CMT), conducting CMT test and empirical self-treatment, when detecting suspected cows, were 30.0%, 40.0%, and 46.7%, respectively. Checking and cleaning pulsators biweekly, cleaning vacuum system and replacing liners every 3~6 month, and getting milking system checked by engineers showed 80.0%, 76.7%, and 76.7% in the questionnaires, respectively. In recognition of farmer about milking hygiene for prevention of bovine mastitis, using individual towels, separated milking (milking order of cows), and teat-dipping disinfection after milking exhibited 13.3%, 86.7%, and 93.3%, respectively. In conclusion, through the questionnaires and laboratory test, we suggest that recognition of farmer about management and incidence of mastitis was very low, thus systemic educational program and public relations about mastitis management were need for dairy farmers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1268-1276
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• 2012

사람의 감염증 치료에 사용되는 carbapenem계 약제에 대한 내성균의 출현 및 확산은 감염증 치료를 제한할 뿐만 아니라 집단 발병의 원인이 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ${\beta}$-lactam 약제에 내성을 갖는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)를 대상으로 metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)의 유전형을 규명함으로써 내성세균의 감염증 치료지침 및 확산방지책 마련에 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상이 된 254개의 임상 검체 중에서 42주의 P. aeruginosa 를 분리하여 imipenem 혹은 meropenem에 내성을 나타내는 Hodge 변법과 EDST에서 각각 28주와 23주가 양성반응을 보였다. DNA의 염기서열 분석결과 $bla_{IMP-6}$ 유전자 보유균이 8주, $bla_{VIM-2}$ 유전자 보유균이 17주로 59.5%(25/42)가 MBL을 생성하는 것으로 나타났다. $bla_{IMP-6}$의 유전자 환경은 $bla_{IMP-6}$-qac-aacA4-$bla_{OXA-1}$-aadA1 유전자 배열을 지니고 있었다. 또한 ERIC PCR 결과 IMP-6과 VIM-2를 생성하는 일부 균주에서 역학적 연관성이 있음이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 분리한 carbapenem계 항균제 내성 P. aeruginosa가 보유한 $bla_{IMP-6}$ 유전자는 대구지역에서 발병이 보고된 유전자의 gene cassette와 일치하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 이들 세균이 지역사회에 정착하고 있고 이들을 보유한 세균에 의한 감염증 치료시 치료약제에 대한 선택압을 증가시킬 것으로 우려된다. 그러므로 항균제 내성 검사를 통하여 적절한 항균제를 선택하고, 항균제 내성균들의 출현과 확산을 막는 연구가 계속되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

Objectives : Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strains. In most cases, that is spread from infected patients and infection rates are growing increasingly. Thus, accordingly, increased resistance to antibiotics is causing serious problems in the world. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infections diseases. Methods : The antibacterial activities of Sinhyowoldosan were evaluated against 3 strains of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and 1 standard Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strain by using the disc diffusion method, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assay, colorimetric assay using MTT test, checkerboard dilution test and time-kill assay was performed under dark. Results : The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of Sinhyowoldosan water extract against S. aureus strains ranged from 500 to 2,000 ${\mu}g/mL$, so we have confirmed it on a strong antibacterial effect. Also, the combinations of Sinhyowoldosan water extract and conventional antibiotics exhibited improved inhibition of MRSA with synergy effect. We suggest that Sinhyowoldosan water extract against MRSA have antibacterial activity, it has potential as alternatives to antibiotic agent. the combination test was used, Triton X-100 (TX) and DCCD for measurement of membrane permeability and inhibitor of ATPase. As a result, antimicrobial activity of SH is affected by the cell membrane were assessed. Conclusion : We suggest that the Sinhyowoldosan water extract lead the treatment of bacterial infection to solve the resistance and remaining side-effect problems that are the major weak points of traditional antibiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.674-680
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2015

Unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)-N'-(2-hydroxy acetophenone) ethylene diamine (H₂L) and its complexes with Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. ¹H, ¹³C-NMR and FAB Mass spectra of ligand clearly indicate the presence of OH and azomethine groups. Elemental analyses of the complexes indicate that the metal to ligand ratio is 1:1 in all complexes. Infrared spectra of complexes indicate a dibasic quadridentate nature of the ligand and its coordination to metal ions through phenolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The thermal behavior of these complexes showed the loss of lattice water in the first step followed by decomposition of the ligand in subsequent steps. The thermal data have also been analyzed for the kinetic parameters by using Horowitz-Metzger method. The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the temperature has been studied over the temperature range 313-403 K and the complexes are found to show semiconducting behavior. XRD and SEM images of some representative complexes have been recorded. The antimicrobial activity of the ligand and its complexes has been screened against various microorganisms and all of them were found to be active against the test organisms. The Fe(III) and Ni(II) complex have been tested for the catalytic oxidation of styrene.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2014

To improve the shelf life of low-salt Kochujang, Korean hot pepper paste, antimicrobial materials were added at different times before and after aging. The kochujang was then packaged and stored at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 weeks, and changes in microbiological and physiochemical properties were evaluated. Hunter a- and b-values decreased considerably during storage. The total color difference (${\delta}E$) was greater in the ethanol-chitosan (EC) treatment than in the control and after pasteurization (A-P) treatment. Gas was produced until the seventh week of storage. The control and the A-P treatments produced more gas than the other treatments, and these had the largest number of yeasts and aerobic bacteria. The pH of the EC treatment was higher than that of the other treatments, and the A-P treatment had the highest level of titratable acidity. During storage, the oxidation-reduction potential was lower in the EC and ethanol-mustard-chitosan (EMC) treatments. The reducing sugar content decreased remarkably in the control and A-P treatments, with high production of ethanol. There was a significant change in the content of amino-type nitrogen in the control and A-P treatments, and the content of ammonia-type nitrogen was lowest in the EMC treatment. In the sensory test of kochujang, the ethanol-mustard (EM) and ethanol (E) treatments were significantly higher than the EC, control, and A-P treatments (p <0.05). EM or E alone was effective in extending the shelf life of kochujang when added before aging.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.467-471
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• 2004

Bacillus sp. SD-10이 생산하는 항균물질을 이용하여 버섯의 갈색무늬병균 및 푸른곰팡이병균에 대한 천연물 버섯병해 방제약재 개발을 위한 기초적 연구를 행하였다. Bacillus sp. SD-10은 35∼4$0^{\circ}C$의 배양온도에서 30∼40 hrs 배양하였을 때 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이 배양액을 이용하여 T. virens의 균사 생육저해 및 포자발아 억제 농도를 검토한 결과, 균사생육은 30 ul 이상 처리 시 뚜렷하게 저해되었으며 포자발아는 평판배지에 5%(v/v) 이상 첨가 시 완전하게 억제되었다. Bacillus sp. SD-10의 배양액으로부터 항균물질을 순수분리하여 UPX-1으로 명명하고, UPX-1을 $^1H-$NMR과 $^{13}C$-NMR 스펙트럼으로 구조를 동정한 결과 탄소 6개로 구성된 당 2개가 2당류 구조로 결합되어 있는 화합물임이 밝혀졌다. UPX-1은 T. virens 뿐 아니라 Pse. tolaassi에도 아주 강한 항균효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1034-1040
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• 1998

The nutritional quality and physiological activity of cultivated hoelen from 13 months to 24 months were examined to compare with natural hoelen. General compositions of hoelen were as follows re spectively; crude protein 1.80~2.50%, crude fat 0.68~1.23%, crude ash 0.12~0.43%, crude fiber 6.30~7.14%, nitrogen free extract 89.25~90.44%. The major free sugar was glucose, and the content of 13 months cultivated hoelen was higher than any other cultivated hoelen. The major fatty acids of hoelen were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids was 62.62~77.96% and the content was higher in cultivated hoelen than in natural hoelen. The contents of amino acid were high in the order of tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine, and increased as the day of cultivation became longer. The contents of mineral components were higher in the order of Ca, K, Mg and the contents of Na and Ca were higher in natural hoelen than in cultivated hoelen. The contents of pachymic acid and dehydropachymic acid was similar in the natural and cultivated hoelen. On the results of antimicrobial test the ethanol extract showed a stronger effect than water extract, and had an excellent antimicrobial activity on Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract of hoelen showed comparatively strong electron donating ability. The ethanol extract of hoelen showed a high inhibition activity on the growth of lung cancer, ovary cancer, skin cancer, central nerve cancer and rectum cancer, especially the activity of 19 months cultivated hoelen was the highest. On the above results of nutritional quality and physiological activity of hoelen, it is supposed that the picking date of cultivated hoelen was suitable over than 19 months.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.119-123
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• 1998

5종의 식품부패미생물에 대한 파래의 메탄을 추출물의 항균성을 검색한 결과 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml의 농도에서 L. monocytogenes를 제외하고는 모두 완전히 성장을 저해하였으며, 특히 V parahaemolyticus는 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml에서도 완전히 저해되었다. 또한 인공합성보존제로 사용되고 있는 sodium propionate의 B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, V parahaemozyticus에 대한 항균력을 살펴본 결과, 3% 수준의 농도수준에서 모든 균의 증식이 완전히 억제되었다. 파래를 첨가한 묵을 제조하여 총 세균수를 측정한 결과, 묵의 총 세균수가 저장 7일 후의 대조군의 $10^{*}$ 6 CFU/g에 비해 파래 5, 10, 15, 20% 첨가군은 $10^{*}$ 5 CFU/g으로 대조군의 3일 저장 후의 총세균의 수준으로 감소됨을 보였다. 또한 첨가한 묵의 관능평가를 실시한 결과, 색과 향은 5, 10, 15% 첨가군이 대조군과 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 촉촉한 정도는 20% 첨가군이 가장 높았으며, 탄력성은 5% 첨가군과 대조군의차이가 없었다. 또한 삼킨후의 느낌은 대조군과 각 첨가군 사이에 차이가 없었고 전반적인 바람직한 정도는 5% 첨가군이 대조군보다 높게 평가되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 파래는 식품부패미생물에 대한 높은 항균성을 지니고 있으며, 파래를 묵에 첨가했을 때 저장성이 향상되었고 관능적 특성에 있어서도 바람직하게 평가되었다.