• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.264-272
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• 2017

Objectives: Literature has shown that micro-organisms contaminate gutta percha (GP) during storage and manipulation. Till date herbal extracts are not explored as an alternative medicament for pre-operative chairside disinfection of GP cones. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of lemon grass oil (LG), basil oil (BO), and obicure tea extract (OT) in disinfecting GP cones before obturation. Materials and Methods: Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of LG, BO, OT, and sodium hypochlorite (control) against common contaminants, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. One hundred and twenty GP cones were contaminated and cut into 2. First half was placed in the broth and incubated; whereas the second was treated with herbal extracts for 1 minute and then incubated for 24 hours in the broth. Any inhibition in bacterial growth was noted with presence/absence of turbidity. Two-way analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$ test were used to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts to decontaminate GP. Results: LG showed the highest inhibition zones ($29.9{\pm}6.9mm$) for all tested organisms, followed by OT extract ($16.3{\pm}1.8mm$), sodium hypochlorite ($16.0{\pm}1.6mm$), and BO ($14.5{\pm}5.3mm$). Statistically significant difference was observed between LG and other herbal extracts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All extracts proved to be potential rapid chairside disinfectants of GP cones with LG showing the highest antimicrobial activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2017

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three kinds of strawberry ethanol extracts from Robus corchorifolius L. f. (RCL), Rubus parvifolius L. var. parvifolius (RPL), and Duchesnea chrysantha Miq. (DCM) were investigated. The RPL was highest (P<0.05) in phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities of RPL and DCM extracts were higher than that of RCL (P<0.05). Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of RPL was high compared to DCM and RCL (P<0.05). RCL exhibited a significant (P<0.05) potent antioxidant activity in nitric oxide radical inhibition. Inhibition diameter zone (nearest mm) of extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 11.5 in RCL to 12.5 in DCM against Staphylococcus aureus, from 10.5 in RCL to 13.5 in DCM against Streptococcus pneumoniae, from 8.5 in DCM to 10.5 in RCL against Escherichia coli, and the same inhibition of 10 mm in three of the extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, there was no inhibition against fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Three of the extracts had the same minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.25{\mu}g/mL$ against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae, respectively. On the other hand, MIC values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.50{\mu}g/mL$ were recorded for RPL, DCM, and RCL against E. coli, respectively. The result of present study revealed that extracts from three kinds of strawberries could be potential candidates as antioxidant and antimicrobial sources for functional food industries.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2015

인간의 위장관은 매우 복잡한 장내균총으로 이루어져 있으며, 장내균총은 인간의 생리 기능에 있어 매우 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 특히 유아기의 장내균총의 불균형은 면역연관 질병을 일으키는 요인이며 치료 목적으로 probiotics가 유용하게 활용되고 있다. Probiotics의 대표 균종은 L. plantarum으로서 영유아기에 병원균보다 가장 먼저 정착해야 면역 질환을 예방할 수 있다. 그러나 아직 Lactobacillus가 장의 우점종으로 정착하기 위한 환경적 요인과 항생물질분비 조절에 대한 이해는 부족한 실정이다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the antimicrobial potency of the terpenoid fractions isolated from Luffa cylindrica seeds against various pathogenic microbes. The seeds were powdered and extracted with methanol in soxhlet appratus based on phytochemical screening. Three terpenoid components were isolated by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and chemical analysis which were designated as ${LCSF_4}^*$, ${LCSF_6}^*$ & ${LCSF_8}^*$ respectively. Disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of test compounds I, II and III $({LCSF_4}^*,\;{LCSF_6}^*\;&\;{LCSF_8}^*)$ against 6 microbial species viz., Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Bacillus (B.) subtilis, Escherichia (E.) coli, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, Candida (C.) albicans and Aspergillus niger. The disc was saturated with $100{\mu}l$ of each compound, allowed to dry and introduced on the upper layer of seeded agar plate. The plates were incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$. Microbial growth was determined by measuring the zonal inhibition diameters. Compound I showed maximum potency against gram positive S. aureus (21 mm) in comparison with standard ciprofloxacin (38 mm), whereas the same compound was completely devoid of activity against both the fungi tested. Compound II was found to be highly sensitive against both the gram negative E. coli (20 mm) and P. aeruginosa (22 mm). Compound II was found to exhibit maximum potency against the fungi C. albicans (15 mm) and A. niger (20 mm). Compound III was found to be very effective against both the gram positive S. aureus (20 mm) and B. subtilis (15 mm) respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.220-226
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• 2014

Sixty-seven Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from surface seawater from the Wando area, on the southern coast of Korea, were analyzed for their susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials and the presence of virulence genes. According to the disk diffusion susceptibility test, all of the strains studied were resistant to ampicillin and oxacillin, while decreasing percentages were resistant to vancomycin (64.2%), streptomycin (56.7%), amikacin (31.3%), kanamycin (22.3%), cephalothin (20.9%), erythromycin (10.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.5%), and tetracycline (3.0%). All of the strains were susceptible to five antimicrobials: chloramphenicol, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and trimethoprim. Fifty-nine isolates (88.1%) were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial and defined as multidrug resistant, and two strains were resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 67 V. parahaemolyticus isolates to ampicillin and oxacillin ranged from 512-2,048 and $64-512{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. All 67 isolates were also examined for the presence of the tdh and trh virulence genes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, no isolates possessed either tdh or trh. The VPA0477 (${\beta}$-lactamase) gene, present in all of the tested strains, was validated as a new specific marker gene in PCR assays for the accurate detection and identification of V. parahaemolyticus.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.281-285
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• 1998

목단피의 메탄을 추출물과 용매 분획물을 이용하여 항균작용, 프리라디칼 소거작용 및 항산화 작용을 검색하고, HPLC와 GC를 이용하여 페놀화합물을 분석하였다. 항균작용은 에칠아세테이트 분획에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그람 음성균보다는 그람 양성균에 대하여 더욱 효과적이었다. 에칠아세테이트 분획의 MIC를 측정한 결과, 그람 양성균에 대하여는 156-1250$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 그람 음성균에는 2500-5000$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 이었다. DPPH 라디칼에 대한 프리라디칼 소거활성과 linoleic acid를 이용한 항산화 시험에서도 에칠아세테이트 분획이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 에칠아세테이트 분획의 항산화 활성은 $\alpha$-tocopherol과 비슷하였다. 에칠아세테이트 분획으로부터 U와 HPLC를 이용하여 3종의 페놀화합물을 확인하였으며, 그 함량은 p-hydroxybenzoic acid 1.35%, methyl gallate 14.61%, gallic acid 4.01% 이었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.269-273
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• 2008

매실의 개체당 평균 수분 함량은 $88.34{\sim}90.04%$ 범위로서 수확시기에 따른 차이가 없었으며 조단백질과 조지방은 수확시기별로 수확시기가 늦어질수록 함량이 다소 감소하였으나 조섬유는 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 함량이 증가하였다. 또한 polyphenol 함량은 매실이 성숙함에 따라 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. methanol, water, hexane, ethylacetate 및 ether 추출물의 항균활성 검색 결과 methanol에서 가장 크게 나타났으며 수확시기가 늦어질수록 항균활성은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 항균활성을 가진 메탄을 추출물의 활성은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 30분 가열한 조건에서도 안정함을 확인하였고, pH 변화에 따른 안정성은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 용매에 따른 전자공여능은 methanol > ethylacetate > water > ether > hexane 순으로 높게 나타났으며 수확시기에 따른 차이는 크지 않았다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2003

Euphorbia hirta, locally called 'ara tanah' or 'susun nabi' in Malaysia is a small annual herb common to the tropical countries and belongs to the same family as the tic and tapioca. E. hirta has had a long history of usage in the treatment of various ailments. In this current study, in vitro sensitivity test of crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves and barks of E. hirta was carried out against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylocccus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Microsporum canis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) using the discs diffusion method. The extract-impregnated discs (20, 40 and $80\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$), the E. hirta extracts inhibited the growth of all the bacteria tested. The growth of C. albicans was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by the aqueous leaves and barks extracts. C. tropicalis was found to be sensitive to the aqueous leaves extracts. The results were compared to antibacterial drugs of chloramphenicol, ampicilin, penicillin G, and enrofloxacine; and to antifungal drug of ketoconazole, itraconazole and miconazole. In this current study, it can be concluded that this plant has antimicrobial activity that is as potent as the standard antimicrobial drugs against certain microorganisms.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2010

녹차의 폴리페놀류 중 수용성인 (-)-epigalocatechin을 이용하여 치주질환 원인균에 대한 항세균 작용을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. (-)-epigalocatechin은 주요한 치주질환 원인균들인 F. nucleatum, P. intermedia 및 P. gingivalis에 대한 최소성장억제농도가 0.625 mg/ml 이하로 항균 작용이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. Time-kill 분석법을 실시한 결과 (-)-epigalocatechin은 F. nucleatum, P. intermedia 및 P. gingivalis에 살균작용이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 (-)-epigalocatechin은 치주질환의 예방 및 치주 치료 후 예후를 증진시킬 수 있는 가글린 및 치약 등의 구강위생용품 개발에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IPBC(3-lodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate) on dandruff caused by the anthropophilic fungus Malassezia furfur. The effects of IPBC on dandruff were examined by evaluating (a) the MIC value of IPBC using broth dilution method; (b) the remnant antimicrobial activity of IPBC containing shampoo on skin disc; (c) the antidandruff efficacy of 1.0 % IPBC containing shampoo in double blind clinical trial. To investigate the remnant antimicrobial activity of IPBC against Malassezia furfur, guinea pig-skin disc was washed with antidandruff shampoo and then the diameter of inhibition zone per disc was measured. For clinical trial, thirty healthy volunteers, aged 25-35, participated in 4 week study. At 0, 2, 4 weeks, examinations of scaling, itching on scalp were carried out. The MIC(Minimun Inhibition Concentration) values of IPBC range from 0.10 to 1.00${\mu}g/ml$ and it seems that IPBC is more effective in the MIC values than zinc pyrithione, selenium disulphide, piroctone olamine and comparable to ketoconazole, climbazole. When the remnant antimicrobial activity of IPBC shampoo on skin disc was determined, 0.5% IPBC shampoo and 2.0% Ketoconazole shampoo resulted in similar antimicrobial effect. In addition, 1.0%, 2.0% IPBC shampoo was more effective than 2.0% ketoconazole shampoo. After two and four-weeks of 1.0% IPBC shampoo treatment, there was significant reduction of scaling, itching in test group compared to control group. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that 1.0% IPBC is more effective than 2.0% Ketoconazole in reducing dandruff. It seems that strong capacity of drug binding to the stratum corneum plays a role in its antidandruff effect since adsorption of active ingredients on scalp is very important factor in reducing dandruff.