• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1997

Plant seed oil-bodies or oleosomes ate the repository of the neutral lipid stored in seeds. These organelles in many oilseeds may comprise half of the total cellular volume. Oleosomes are surrounded by a half-unit membrane of phospholipid into which are embedded proteins called oleosins. Oleosins are present at high density on the oil-body surface and after storage proteins comprise the most abundant proteins in oilseeds. Oleosins are specifically targeted and anchored to oil-bodies after co-translation on the ER. It has been shown that the amino-acid sequences responsible for this unique targeting reside primarily in the central hydrophobic tore of the oleosin polypeptide. In addition, a signal-like sequence is found near the junction of the hydrophobic domain and ann N-terminal hydrophilic / amphipathic domain. This "signal" which is uncleaved is also essential for correct targeting. Oil-bodies and their associated oleosins may be recovered by floatation centrifugation of aqueous seed extracts. This simple partitioning step results in a dramatic enrichment for oleosins in the oil-body fraction. In the light of these properties, we reasoned that it would be feasible to create fusion proteins on oil-bodies comprising oleosins and an additional valuable protein of pharmaceutical or industrial interest. It was further postulated that if these proteins were displayed on the outer surface of oil-bodies, it would be possible to release them from the purified oil-bodies using chemical or proteolytic cleavage. This could result in a simple means of recovering high-value protein from seeds at a significant (i.e. commercial) scale. This procedure has been successfully reduced to practice for a wide variety of proteins of therapeutic, industrial and food no. The utillity of the method will be discussed using a blood anticoagulant, hirudin, and industrial enzymes as key examples.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2001

The chemical properties and physiological activities of the freeze-dried stromata of Cordyceps militaris were examined. A proximate analysis exhibited that the stromata consisted mainly of crude carbohydrate (74.3%), crude protein (11.5%), and moisture content (8.7%), with a low content of crude ash (4.%) and fat (1.3%). The carbohydrate was mostly composed of glucose (88.6%). A large quantity of essential fatty acids, including linolenic acid (33.8%) was also observed. An analysis of the component amino acid showed a relatively high ratio of the essential amino acids, lysine (101.2 mg/g), methionine (62.7 mg/g), and acidic amino acids of glutamic aicd (57.5 mg/g) and aspartic acid (43.9 mg/g), whereas a low of tyrosine content (4.7 mg/g). An examination of the cordycepin content indicated tht the stromata and mycelium-embedded media (silkworm pupae) contained 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively. From the examination of the physiological activities, based on methanol extract (M), ethylacetate extract (EA), and hot-water extract (HW) fractions of the stromata, the hot-water extract (HW) fraction showed the most potent intestinal immune modulating activity, anticoagulant activity, and anticomplementary activity, whereas the ethylacetate extract (EA) fraction exhihited a radical scavenging activity. Therefore, the results from the present study indicate that the stromata of C. militaris contain various healthy chemical ingredients, and that especially boiled water extract of whole body would apprear to provide beneficial physiological activities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2003

Chemical properties and physiological activities of the freeze-dried synnemata of Beauveria bassiana were examined. A proximate analysis showed that the synnemata consisted mainly of carbohydrate (49.86%), protein 11.36%), and a moisture content of 30.64%. It contained a low amount of crude ash (4.76%) and fat (3.38%). The carbohydrate was composed mainly of mannose (52.3%), galactose (31.5%), glucose (13.2%), and rhamnose (3%). Trace amounts of arabinose, xylose, and fructose were present. Major amino acids In the synnemata were glutamic acid, glycine, aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, alanine, valine, leucine, lysine, and aspartic acid with the amounts of 30.42, 25.22, 17.17, 15.12, 12.65, 15.23, 12.47, 11.47, 14.24, and 17.17 mg/g, respectively. Among extracts from the synnemata, the hot-water extract showed 67% of anticomplementary activity compared to that of the positive control, followed by ethyl acetate extract (17%) and methanol extract (15%). The hot-water extract also had anticoagulant activity with 55 sec of coagulating time and this fraction exhibited the most potent Intestinal immune system modulating activity. The methanol extract showed the highest inhibitory activity (25%) on the 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-induced superoxide ($O_2^-$) generation, followed by hot-water extract (18%) and ethyl acetate extract (10%). The data in the present study indicate that the extract of Beauveria bassiana synnemata contains some healthful chemical ingredients and it could provide beneficial physiological activities. These features of the synnemata should be of interest to the food industry as well as other industrial fields.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

This study examined Tetraselmis sp. JK-46 isolated from seawater from the East Sea. Deep seawater (DSW) had a greater effect on the growth of Tetraselmis sp. JK-46 than surface seawater (SSW). The crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash contents of Tetraselmis sp. JK-46 cultured with DSW were 27.2, 37.1, 13.2 and 26.3 %, respectively, and these values were similar to the results for samples cultured with SSW. The contents of Mg, Ca, Fe and K in the DSW cultured samples were 7080.3, 1009.6, 251.2, and 2749.7 mg/100 g, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of Tetraselmis sp. JK-46 cultured with DSW and SSW were 53.7 and 49.0 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 25.7 and 30.7 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), respectively. The total amino acid contents of the samples cultured with DSW and SSW were 7392.6 and 6376.0 mg/100 g respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of Tetraselmis sp. JK-46 extracts increased with the concentration of the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The half maximal inhibitiory concentrations ($IC_{50}$) of the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of DSW and SSW cultured samples were 1.2 and 2.6 mg/mL, and 3.1 and 3.3 mg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fractions of DSW and SSW cultured samples has anticoagulant activity and the activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were 93.4 and 89.3 sec., respectively. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.217-221
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• 1999

홍삼으로부터 염기성 수웅액 추출, 음이온교환 크로마토그래피 및 겔여과 크로마토그래피를 순차적으로 수행하여 항트롬빈 활성을 보이는 다당체를 분리하였다. 이 다당체는 셀룰로스 아세테이트막을 사용한 전기영동에서 하나의 띠로 나타나 비교적 순수하게 정제되었음을 알 수 있었고, 겔여과 크로마토그래피에서 결정된 평균 분자량은 약 177kDa이었다. $40.2\%$의 유론산, $9.2\%$의 황산기 및 $1.5\%$의 단백질을 포함하는 산성다당체였고, 구성 중성당으로 rhamnose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, fucose, xylose를 1.00 : 0.88 :0.86 : 0.78 : 0.70 : 0.33 : 0.22의 비율로 포함하고 있었다. 이 다당체는 트롬빈에 의한 피브리노겐의 응고를 농도에 비례하여 저해하였고, 혈장을 사용한 실험에서 내인성 경로를 통해 혈액응고를 저해하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2020

Background: Malignant arrhythmias require drug therapy. However, most of the currently available antiarrhythmic drugs have significant side effects. Ginsenoside Rg2 exhibits excellent cardioprotective effects and appears to be a promising candidate for cardiovascular drug development. So far, the oral toxicity and antiarrhythmic effects of Rg2 have not been evaluated. Methods: Acute oral toxicity of Rg2 was assessed by the Limit Test method in mice. Subchronic oral toxicity was determined by repeated dose 28-day toxicity study in rats. Antiarrhythmic activities of Rg2 were evaluated in calcium chloride-induced arrhythmic rats. Antiarrhythmic mechanism of Rg2 was investigated in arrhythmic rats and H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Results: The results of toxicity studies indicated that Rg2 exhibited no single-dose (10 g/kg) acute oral toxicity. And 28-day repeated dose treatment with Rg2 (1.75, 3.5 and 5 g/kg/d) demonstrated minimal, if any, subchronic toxicity. Serum biochemical examination showed that total cholesterol in the high-dose cohort was dramatically decreased, whereas prothrombin time was increased at Day 28, suggesting that Rg2 might regulate lipid metabolism and have a potential anticoagulant effect. Moreover, pretreatment with Rg2 showed antiarrhythmic effects on the rat model of calcium chloride induced arrhythmia, in terms of the reduced duration time, mortality, and incidence of malignant arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic mechanism of Rg2 might be the inhibition of calcium influx through L-type calcium channels by suppressing the phosphorylation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Conclusion: Our findings support the development of Rg2 as a promising antiarrhythmic drug with fewer side effects for clinical use.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.307-309
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• 1999

판막수술 후 반드시 투여해야 하는 항응고제로 인한 피부괴사증은 매우 드문 합병증으로 기전은 아직 확실히 밝혀지지는 않았지만 항응고제의 초기 투여시 제2, 9, 10 응고인자에 비해 C 단백질이 급격하게 감소하기 때문에 나타나는 일시적인 과응고 현상이다. 저자들은 다중판막 치환술 1개월 후에 양측 유방부위에 발생한 광범위한 피부괴사증을 경험하였다. 진단 즉시 \ulcorner파린 투여를 중단하고 저분자량의 헤파린으로 대치하였으며 피부괴사증은 5일 후 치유가 되었고 그 후 다시 와파린 투여를 저용량부터 시작하여 서서히 증량해가며 저분자량 헤파린 투여를 중단할 수 있었기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2011

Objectives : Ecklonia cava is brown alga(Laminariaceae) which grows is sea, it has antioxidant, diarrhea and anticoagulant effect. In this study, the effect of ethanol extract of Ecklonia cava (EC) on peptidoglycan(PGN) -induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. Methods : In the present study, IL-6 production was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), prostaglandin $\E_2$($\PGE_2$) production was measured using the EIA kit, and inducible NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation, as determined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results : EC inhibited PGN-induced NO and IL-6 production. Consistent with these observations, the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by EC. Moreover, EC suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2 in PGN-induced RAW 264.7. Conclusions : These results suggest that EC has inhibitory effects on PGN-induced $\PGE_2$, NO, and IL-6 production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. These inhibitory effects occur through blockades on the MAPKs phosphorylation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2015

Nafamostat mesilate (NM) is a serine protease inhibitor with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects. NM has been used in Asia for anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy and extra corporeal membrane oxygenation. Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and is associated with vascular endothelial function. We investigated whether NM could inhibit endothelial dysfunction induced by tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$ ). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with TNF-${\alpha}$ for 24 h. The effects of NM on monocyte adhesion, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression, p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and intracellular superoxide production were then examined. NM ($0.01{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect HUVEC viability; however, it inhibited the increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p66shc expression elicited by TNF-${\alpha}$ (3 ng/mL), and it dose dependently prevented the TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced upregulation of endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. In addition, it mitigated TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and the adhesion of U937 monocytes. These data suggest that NM mitigates TNF-${\alpha}$ -induced monocyte adhesion and the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and that the anti-adhesive effect of NM is mediated through the inhibition of p66shc, ROS production, and p38 MAPK activation.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2009

목적 : Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ 자반증에서 항인지질 항체에 대한 연구가 외국에서 몇몇 보고되고 있지만 국내에서는 소아 환자를 대상으로 한 연구가 거의 없는 실정이며 또한 항인지질 항체가 양성인 그룹과 음성인 그룹을 비교하여 연구한 논문은 아직 없는 상태이다. 따라서 한국 소아 Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ 자반증에서 항인지질 항체가 양성인 환아의 항인지질 항체의 임상적 의의를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 2007년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지 신촌 세브란스 병원 소아청소년과에 내원하여 Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ 자반증으로 진단받은 62명의 환아를 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하여 분석하였다. 환아의 일반적인 특징으로 성별, 나이, 복통, 관절통과 자반증 등의 임상 증상을 조사하였고, 검사 소견으로는 백혈구수, 혈색소, 혈소판수, 호산구수, C-반응 단백, 혈침 속도, 단백뇨, 대변 잠혈 검사, 혈청 면역 글로불린(IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE), 혈청 보체(C3, C4), 항핵 항체(ANA), 알부민과 항인지질 항체(루프스 항응고인자, 항카디오리핀 항체, 항${\beta}$ 2GPI 항체) 등을 조사하였다. 결과 : 총 62명의 환아중 남녀 각각 31명이었고 평균 연령은 $6.0{\pm}3.1$세(범위: 1-16세)였다. 루프스 항응고인자 양성인 그룹과 음성인 그룹으로 나누어 비교한 결과 복통, 자반증, 관절통, 신염 등의 임상 증세에서는 두 그룹 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 걸로 나타났으나 검사 소견을 비교하였을 때 양성인 그룹에서 C-반응 단백($4.3{\pm}7.2$ mg/dL vs. $1.3{\pm}1.8$ mg/dL, P=0.035), 혈침 속도($37.5{\pm}26.2 mm/hr vs. $25.1{\pm}22.6$ mm/hr, P=0.039), IgM ($148.1{\pm}48.4$ mg/dL vs. $114.9{\pm}41.5$ mg/dL, P=0.024), C3 ($143.1{\pm}21.9$ mg/dL vs. $129.7{\pm}24.5$ mg/dL, P=0.048), C4 ($30.9{\pm}6.3$ mg/dL vs. $24.9{\pm}7.8$ mg/dL, P=0.002)가 통계학적으로 유의하게 높았다. 결론 : Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ 자반증에서 루프스 항응고인자는 29%에서 양성 소견을 보였으며 양성인 그룹에서 염증 인자인 C-반응단백, 혈침 속도 그리고 IgM, C3, C4 수치가 유의하게 높게 측정되었다. 이것은 루프스 항응고인자가 Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ 자반증에서 질병의 활성과 병인에 어떤 역할을 수행함을 암시한다고 볼 수 있다.