• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.127.1-127.1
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin and ketolide antibiotics in Korea. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed to the macrolide erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, josamycin, the lincosamide clindamycin, the streptogramin synercid and the ketolide ABT -773 against 337 clinical Staphylococcus aureus(SAU). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Enterococci isolates exhibited an average percentage of 64％, 56％, and 81 ％ of resistance to erythromycin, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2009

Thirty-eight Vibrio spp. were isolated from the sea waters harvested from the 22 stations located on the west coast of the Korean peninsula in September 2006. The isolates consisted of V. parahaemolyticus (n=21), V. alginolyticus (n= 16) and V. cholerae non-01 (n=1), among which 35 isolates displayed resistance against two of the tested antibiotics. Among the 38 isolates, 18 isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance against more than four 4 antibiotics. In particular, minimum inhibitory concentration $(MIC)_{50}$ and $MIC_{90}$ of ampicillin-resistant isolates were as high as $2,048{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ and $4,096{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ respectively. $\beta$-lactamase production was examined to analyze the ampicillin-resistance. Some Vibrio spp. isolates produced $\beta$-lactamase, however antibiotics resistance pattern and $\beta$-lactamase production were not clearly related to each other. A genetic relationship between resistance and gene expression was confirmed in the ampicillin-resistant isolates.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.180.3-181
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• 2001

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.280-283
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• 2013

Leuconostoc spp. is intrinsically resistant against vancomycin and rarely causes the infection in immunocompromised patients. In this report, we describe a fatal case of Leuconostoc lactis bacteremia in a patient with biliary tract stent insertion to resolve the biliary tract obstruction by multiple pseudocysts in the pancreatic head region. Leuconostic lactis isolated from the blood of the patients was confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing and this isolate was susceptible against most antibiotics, including levofloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin and cefotaxime except vancomycin. The septic shock and multi-organ failure was abruptly progressed due to delayed use of adequate antibiotic. Using vancomycin as the empirical antibiotics in a bacteremic patient by Gram positive cocci, the treatment failures by the isolates with intrinsic resistance against vancomycin have to be considered. In addition, the prompt and accurate identification of Leuconostoc spp. are very important to select the adequate antibiotics.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2000

Microorganisms causing bovine mastitis, swine diarrhea and swine pneumonia were isolated from farms in Chungbuk and Kyunggi Province and the isolates were identified using microbial identification system(MIS). The most common isolates from bovine mastitis were Staphylococcus sp.,Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp., those from swine diarrhea were Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Clostridium perfringens, those from swine pneumonia were Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida. Examination of 16 antibiotics against these pathogens revealed that the incidence of antibiotic-resistant microoganisms were very high and that many of these isolates had multiple resistance to various commercially available antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. These results suggest that the use of antibiotics in a farm should be controlled in order to decrease the number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were very high and that many of these isolates had multiple resistance to various commercially available antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. These results suggest that the use of antibiotics in a farm should be controlled in order to decrease the number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.883-893
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• 2021

Clostridium difficile present in feces of food animals may contaminate their meats and act as a potential source of C. difficile infection (CDI) to humans. C. difficile resistance to antibiotics, its production of toxins and spores play major roles in the pathogenesis of CDI. This is the first study to evaluate C. difficile prevalence in retail raw animal meats, its antibiotics susceptibilities and toxigenic activities in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Totally, 240 meat samples were tested. C. difficile was identified by standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Vitek-2 compact system confirmed C. difficile isolates were 15/240 (6.3%). Toxins A/B were not detected by Xpect C. difficile toxin A/B tests. Although all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, variable degrees of reduced susceptibilities to moxifloxacin, clindamycin or tetracycline antibiotics were detected by Epsilon tests. C. difficile strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics should be investigated. Variability between the worldwide reported C. difficile contamination levels could be due to absence of a gold standard procedure for its isolation. Establishment of a unified testing algorithm for C. difficile detection in food products is definitely essential to evaluate the inter-regional variation in its prevalence on national and international levels. Proper use of antimicrobials during animal husbandry is crucial to control the selective drug pressure on C. difficile strains associated with food animals. Investigating the protective or pathogenic potential of non-toxigenic C. difficile strains and the possibility of gene transfer from certain toxigenic/ antibiotics-resistant to non-toxigenic/antibiotics-sensitive strains, respectively, should be worthy of attention.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2012

장염비브리오는 우리나라에서 하절기에 발생하는 식중독의 주요 원인균으로 주로 해수 및 어패류를 통해 인체에 감염된다. 최근 지구 온난화로 해수의 온도가 상승하면서 해양환경 중 세균들의 분포도가 증가하고 또 다양한 항생제에 대한 내성을 보이는 병원균들이 확산되고 있어 국민보건 및 수산양식 등의 분야에 큰 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경기, 인천지역 7곳에서 해수 및 어패류 시료를 채취하여 장염비브리오균의 분포도를 모니터링하고 이들의 항생제 내성 양상을 분석하였다. 총 966건의 시료를 $CHROMagar^{TM}$ 및 TCBS 평판배지와 multiplex PCR기법으로 동정했을 때 전체 해수 시료의 61.9%, 어패류 시료의 41.8% 등 총 47.7%의 시료에서 장염비브리오균이 검출되었다. 이들 분리균주들의 항생제 내성을 13종의 항생제에 대해 분석한 결과 97.3%와 87.3%가 각각 vancomycin과 ampicillin에 대해 내성을 보였고 cephalothin (48.8%)과 rifampin (46.1%)에 대한 내성비율도 기타 다른 항생제들에 비해 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 분리균주들의 항생제 감수성은 chloramphenicol (91.7%)과 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.8%)에 대해 가장 높았고, gentamycin (82.3%), tobramycin (74.8%), nalidixic acid (71.6%), tetracyclin (69.4%), cefotaxime (63.0%) 등의 순서로 감수성 비율이 높았다. 분리균주들의 약 69%가 vancomycin과 ampicillin을 포함하여 3개 이상의 항생제에 대해 다중내성을 보였고 특히 11개 항생제에 대해 내성을 보이는 균주도 2개 검색되었다. 항생제 내성 장염비브리오 분리균주들의 플라스미드 프로파일을 분석한 결과 55.1%가 플라스미드를 보유하고 있었으며, 이들은 총 24가지 유형으로 분류되었으나 플라스미드 프로파일과 항생제 내성 간의 뚜렷한 상관관계는 관찰되지 않았다.

• 약학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.159-164
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• 1985

To investigate the susceptibility and resistance in case of simultaneous administrations of Lactobacilli and Clostridia prekparations with antituberculosis agents and antibiotics, five strains of Lactobacilli, i.e., Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. casei, L. helveticus, L. acidophilus, L. sporogenes, and Clostridium butyricum were isolated from commercially available preparation. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of nine antituberculosis agents and 21 antibiotics against these strains were determined. The results shwoed that these strains were very sensitive only to rifampicin among antituberculosis agents, and sensitive to other antibiotics. Since the simultaneous oral administration of rifampicin and other antibkiotics with these sensitive strains is ineffective, development of new resistant mutants is desirable.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제41권2호통권405호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2003

Antimicrobial Peptides are natural antibiotics evolved by many plants, invertebrate, and vertebrate to defend against the microbial infection. Antimicrobial peptides show a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with little opportunity for the development of resistance since they target microbial membranes that distinguish microbes from enkaryotic cells. The oral cavity is constantly exposed to microbial challenges and antimicrobial peptides play an important role in managing the oral health. With the increase of resistant micro-organisms to conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides are attracting interests as novel antibiotics. In this review, the characteristics of antimicrobial of antimicrobial peptides including the classification, mechanism of action, resistance, and expression in the oral cavity have been discussed in the prospects of application to oral disease.