• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1985

After the induction of estrus by the PGFF2$\alpha$-GTH combination on the 118 repeat breeder cow during of 6-13 days of the estrus cycle, the effects of GTH, antibiotics, antibiotics-GTH combination were compared. The results of this study, the following conclusion were obtained: 1. The rate of estrus was reduced the administration of GTH before the administration of PGF2$\alpha$. 2. The rate of ovulation delayed was 24.6% in the group with the administration GTH, but 34.1% without the administration GTH. Duration of ovulation was shortened by GTH. 3. The impregnation induction by the administration of PGF2$\alpha$, PGF2$\alpha$-antibiotics, PGF2$\alpha$-GTH-antibiotics were 41.7%, 69.5%, 55.6% and 80.8% respectively injection in the uterus was more effective than the administration. Before or after the A.I., the above combination was most effective. 4. In antibiotics sensitivity test in vitro of the intravagina bacteria, 5.0%, 12.7% and 60.0% of bacteria were sensitive to Penicilline, Streptomycin and Gentamicin respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2008

The combined effects of EDTA-Tris and eighteen antimicrobial agents have been evaluated in eight clinically isolated methicillin-resistant bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus agalactiae) from bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the antibiotics alone or in combination with EDTA-Tris in Mueller-Hilton broth and milk. Combined use of EDTA-Tris and antibiotics potentiated or antagonized activity of antibiotics against mastitic pathogens. Milk increased the antibiotic potency of erythromycin and spiramycin on S. aureus. Culture in milk changed patterns of EDTA-Tris combinational effects compared with that in standard Mueller-Hilton broth. Combined with EDTA-Tris in milk, synergic effects were observed in colistin, dihydrostreptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin to E. coli, Str. uberis, and Str. agalactiae. However, significant antagonistic effects of milk on antibiotic susceptibility in combination with EDTA-Tris were noted in neomycin, streptomycin, penicillin, roxithromycin, and amoxicillin. This study indicates that combination therapy of EDTA-Tris with antibiotics in bovine mastitis should be used with caution because of the possible antagonistic effects of antibiotic combination with EDTA-Tris on mastitic pathogens. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility test in combination with EDTA-Tris in milk culture condition can be benefit in search of effective treatment regimen for some antibiotic-resistant bacteria of mastitis.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.342-346
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• 2007

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Pelargonium graveolens and its effects when it was combined with current antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oil fraction and the main components of this plant were determined for two antibiotic-susceptible and two antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae using broth microdilution tests. The combined effects of the oil with erythromycin, norfloxacin, or oxacillin were evaluated using a checkerboard microtitre assay. The combination of the oil fraction of P. graveolens, or its main component, together with the antibiotics tested significantly lowered the MICs of the antibiotics against all of the tested strains with fraction inhibiting concentration indices (FICs) ranging from 0.16 to 1.50. In particular, the activity of norfloxacin against all of the tested strains of S. pneumoniae was enhanced significantly by combination with citronellol. In conclusion, the combination of P. graveolens oil with antibiotics could be used to reduce the effective dose of antibiotic and to modulate the resistance of S. pneumoniae strains.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2010

Combination therapy of antibiotics is leading to improved efficacy or safety profiles with decrease emergence of bacterial resistance. Because of this benefit, many of antibacterial combinations have been used in veterinary practice for the past few decades. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro activity of an amoxicillin alone and in combination with other antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria of fish origin. Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index (FIC $$\leq_-$$ 0.5), a synergistic interaction was shown in combination of florfenicol with amoxicillin or cefuroxime. The combination of florfenicol and amoxillin showed higher antibacterial activity than that of florfenicol and cefuroxime. Ratio of amoxicillin and florfenicol in combination was 1 : 1, which showed the antibacterial activity against bacterial isolates of fish as compared with other ratios. A synergetic effect of the combination (amoxicillin and florfenicol) was further confirmed in the time-kill curve study. The study showed a better in vitro antibacterial activity of a 1 : 1 combination of amoxicillin and florfenicol than the individual antibacterial against bacterial isolates of fish. In conclusion, the combination of florfenicol and amoxicillin may serve as a potential antibacterial therapy in fishes infected pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1991

The combined effect of berberine isolated from the bark of Phellodendron amurense and some antibiotics was evaluated in order to measure the antibiotic activities. In this study, in the presence of streptomycin, tetracycline, cephradine as antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei as microorganisms were grown in an Automated Microbiology System. In case of Staphylococus aureus, combination with berberine and cephardine resulted in the strongest synergistic activity and in case of Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei, combination with berberine and streptomycin resulted in the strongest synergistic activity. The combination with berberine and antibiotics increased the antibiotic activities, thereby showing a synergistic action.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 2007

To investigate natural antibiotics from plant essential oils and to evaluate their synergism with current antimicrobial drugs in inhibiting antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eleven plant essential oils and their main components were established for two antibiotic-susceptible and two antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, using broth microdilution tests. Potential synergism with oxacillin, norfloxacin, or erythromycin was evaluated using a checkerboard microtitre assay. Among the tested oils, Mentha piperita oil and its main component, menthol, exhibited the strongest inhibitory activities against all of the tested strains. The activity of antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae was enhanced significantly by combination with Mentha piperita oils and its main component, menthol. In conclusion, the combination Mentha piperita essential oil or menthol with antibiotics could be used to reduce the effective dose of antibiotic and to modulate the resistance of S. pneumoniae strains.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2010

In order to investigate the antibiotic prescription pattern for upper respiratory infections (URI), the prescription sheets for outpatients from July 2008 to June 2009 were collected from 7 community pharmacies in Ulsan City, and the prescription pattern of Pediatric and ENT physicians was analyzed. The antibiotic prescription rates of Pediatric and ENT physicians were 63.8% and 61.7%, respectively. It was also observed that the oral antibiotic prescription was 95.6% in Pediatrics and 97.6% in ENT. The most favorable antibiotics by Pediatric physicians were penicillins (21.5%) penicillin-clavulanate (36.4%) and cephalosporins (16.5%), macrolides (11.6%), quinolones (3.5%), and nifuroxazide (3.5%). In case of ENT, the commonly prescribed antibiotics were also penicillin-clavulanate (47.6%), cephalosporins (31.6%), macrolides (11.9%) and sulfonamide (1.3%). The antibiotic combination rate was 7.6% in Peditrics and 1.9% in ENT, among antibiotic prescriptions. The combination of more than two oral antibiotics was examined as 66.8% in Pediatrics and 44.2% in ENT. The common oral antibiotic combination in Pediatrics was prescriptions of two ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics (54.3%). Among them 83% was the combination of amoxicillin-clavulanate (7:1) and amoxicillin, which could be judged as antibiotic overuse. The next highly prescribed oral antibiotic combination was ${\beta}$-lactam/macrolide antibiotic combination probably for URI (11.3%) and ${\beta}$-lactam/nifuroxazide combination (10.0%) presumably for acute diarrhea. Comparatively the oral antibiotic combination prescribed by ENT physicians was negligible except one physician. In conclusion, the antibiotic over-prescription rate by antibiotic combination was much higher in Pediatrics than ENT, even though both clinical departments showed nealy the similar antibiotic prescription rates.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.90-108
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy and safety of Mahaenggamsuktang for treating mycoplasma pneumonia in children based on the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods Literatures were searched from OASIS, KISS, NDSL, CNKI, Cochrane, Embase and Pubmed, and the search was conducted on January 29, 2020. Only RCTs published since 2000 were included. Trials comparing Mahaenggamsuktang combined with antibiotics or antibiotics treatment alone for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children were included. Results 17 trials, including 2,241 participants with mycoplasma pneumonia were included in this review. As a result of the meta-analysis, total effective rate of combination of Mahaggamsuktang and antibiotics was 1.24 times higher than that of the antibiotics alone, which was statistically significant. Symptoms with fever, lung sounds, cough, chest X-ray lesion findings, wheezing were also significantly reduced in the treatment group with Mahaenggamseoktang and antibiotics. Also, Serum CRP level was significantly lower with combination treatment. The incidence of adverse reactions was lower in the treatment group with Mahaenggamseoktang and antibiotics, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusions As a result of meta-analysis, combination treatment of Mahaenggamseoktang and antibiotics seems significantly effective for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children. In order to have a higher level of evidence for efficacy and safety of Mahaenggamsuktang in treating mycoplasma pneumonia, additional RCTs with good qualities are required.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2010

The present study aimed to assess the antifungal properties of the essential oil fraction from Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) and its components against five clinically important Aspergillus species. The essential oil fraction was extracted from the underground parts of the plant by steam distillation, and its main components, namely, Z-ligustilide, butylidene phthalide, and p-cresol were isolated by column chromatography. The antifungal activities of the essential oils were evaluated by the broth dilution method. Both the total essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong and its components showed significant anti-Aspergillus activity against all five tested strains with MICs between 62.5 and 250 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. In a checkerboard microtiter assay, the combination of antibiotics, itraconazole with the essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong or its main components exhibited synergistic or additive, and in some cases indifferent, effects against the tested Aspergillus species, resulting in FICIs (fractional inhibiting concentration indices) ranging from 0.12 to 2, while the combination of antibiotics, amphothericin B with L. chuanxiong essential oils mostly showed antagonistic effects.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2006

Metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL) can hydrolyze all ${\beta}$-lactams except monobactams and frequently coexists with various antibiotic resistance genes such as aminoglycoside resistance, sulfonamide resistance gene, etc. Therefore, the effective antibiotics against infections by these bacteria are markedly limited or can't even be found. We tried to search in-vitro antimicrobial combinations with synergistic effects for a VIM-2 type MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from clinical specimen. On the selection of antibiotic combinations with synergistic effects, we performed a one disk synergy test, modified Pestel's method, in agar without aztreonam (AZT). The bacteriostatic synergistic effects of this tests were scored as $S_1$ (by susceptibility pattern in agar without antibiotics), $S_2$ (by the change of susceptibility in agar with or without antibiotics) and $S_3$ ($S_1$ + $S_2$) and was classified into weak (1 point), moderate (2 points) and strong (3 points) by $S_3$ score. Subsequently, we carried out the time-killing curve for the antibiotic combinations with the strong synergistic bacteriostatic effect. One VIM-2 type MBL producing P. aeruginosa confirmed by the PCR showed all resistance against all ${\beta}$-lactams except AZT, aminoglycoside and ciprofloxacin. In the one disk synergy test, this isolate showed a strong bacteriostatic synergistic effect for the antibiotic combination of AZT and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TZP) or AZT and amikacin (AN). On the time-killing curve after six hours of incubation, the colony forming units (CFUs/mL) of this bacteria in the medium broth with both combination antibiotics were decreased to 1/18.7, 1/17.1 of the least CFUs of each single antibiotics. The triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN was shown to be significantly synergistic after 8 hrs of exposure. In a VIM-2 MBL producing P. aeruginosa with susceptibility for AZT, the triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN may be considered as an alternative antibiotics modality against the infection by some MBL type. But the antimicrobial combination therapy for many more MBL producing isolates is essential to know as soon as possible for the selection of effective treatment against the infection by this bacteria.