• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.117-121
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• 1994

On the purpose of epidemiological survey related to foods poisoning, a total of 316 specimens collected from street vended foods in Pusan area were examined for the presence of Campylobacter Jejuni(C. jejuni) and also the isolation rates, biochemical properties and antibiotic susceptibility were investigated. Of the 316 specimens, 13 strain(4.1%) of Campylobacter jejuni were isolated. Isolation rate for each food was 37.5% in gizzard, 4.1% in Korean sausage and 3.9% in kimpop. Isolated C. jejuni were grouped as biotype I(84.6%), II(7.7%) and IV(7.7%). C. jejuni isolated from street vended foods were resistant to cephalothin(100%), penicillin(84.6%) and erythromycin(76.9%), but sensitive to gentamicin(92.3%), kanamycin(84.7%) and chloramphenicol(77.0%).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2022

Purpose: Most cases of oral and maxillofacial infections are usually easily treated by proper diagnosis, elimination of causative factors, and antibiotic therapy. However, the emergence and the increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria make treatment challenging. "ESKAPE" pathogens are the most common opportunistic organisms in nosocomial infections and have resistant to commonly used antibiotics. There are many medical reviews of ESKAPE pathogens, but few in dentistry. This study focuses on oral and maxillofacial infection especially with ESKAPE pathogens. The purpose of this study is to prepare feasible data about tracing and treatment of infection related to pathogens that may be beneficial to clinicians. Methods: A total of 154 patients with oral and maxillofacial infections were reviewed by analyzing retrospectively hospitalized data in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Korea, past 5 years from January 2014 to December 2018. Based on the medical records and microbiological tests, the results were divided into two groups: infections with ESKAPE pathogens and other bacteria. Results: A total of 22 species were isolated from 154 patients. The proportion of ESKAPE pathogens among all bacterial isolates collected from infected patients was 39.6%. Causative factors, especially in post-operative infection, showed a statistically significant correlation to ESKAPE infections (29 cases). And average of treatment period in ESKAPE group was longer than non-ESKAPE groups. Overall, Klebsiella pneumoniae (60.7%) was the most frequently isolated ESKAPE pathogen. And high antibiotic resistance rates had been detected in the ESKAPE during the five-year period. Conclusions: Infections with ESKAPE pathogens are now a problem that can no longer be overlooked in Dentistry. Based on results of this study, ESKAPE pathogens were highly associated with post-operative or opportunistic infections. Clinicians should be careful about these antibiotic resistant pathogens and use appropriate antibiotics to patients while having dental treatments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

Pneumonia is frequently encountered in the clinical fields, both as a cause for admission and as a complication of the underlying disorder or as the course of treatment. Pneumonia is the second most common hospital-acquired infection and is associated with the highest morbidity and mortality rates among hospital-acquired infections. The guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia by the American Thoracic Society include identifying individuals who have recently received antibiotics therapy or have been in medical facilities; these individuals are at higher risk for infection with multiple drug resistant organisms. Individuals, who have acquired pneumonia according to this clinical scenario, have what is known as healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). Patients with HCAP should be considered to have potentially drug-resistant pathogens and should receive broad spectrum empiric antibiotic therapy directed at the potentially resistant organisms. In this paper, the diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment of HCAP are discussed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2020

목적: 최근 β-lactam 계 항생제에 대한 내성을 보이는 Haemophilus influenzae가 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 최근 5년간 서울아산병원 어린이 병원에서 분리된 H. influenzae 균주의 항생제 내성 양상을 분석하고자 한다. 방법: 2014년 3월부터 2019년 4월까지 서울아산병원 어린이병원을 내원한 18세 미만의 소아청소년 환자의 임상 검체에서 분리된 H. influenzae 균주를 대상으로 항생제 내성 양상을 분석하였다. 결과: 최근 5년간 총 69례의 H. influenzae가 분리되었으며 이들 환자의 연령 중앙값은 5.0 (2.8-8.6)세였다. 총 69례 중 3례(4.3%)가 혈액 배양에서 분리되었으며, 66례(95.7%)가 비침습성 균주로서 대부분 호흡기 검체(59례)에서 분리되었다. 항생제 감수성 분포는 ampicillin (AMP) 감수성/amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) 감수성 균주 15례(21.7%), AMP 내성/AMC 감수성 21례(30.4%), AMP 내성/AMC 내성 33례(47.8%)였으며, 최근 5년에 걸쳐 AMP 내성/AMC 내성 균주는 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (2014-2015: 42.1% [8/19], 2016-2017: 46.4% [13/28], 2018-2019: 54.5% [12/22], P for trend=0.342). 2014-2015년에 비해 2018-2019년 기간에는 cefuroxime과 ceftriaxone에 대한 내성률은 각각 31.6%에서 77.3% 및 0.0% 에서 59.1% 로 유의하게 증가하였다(P for trend 0.003 및 <0.001). 결론: 최근 국내의 3차 의료기관에 입원한 소아에서 분리되는 H. influenzae 균주는 AMP및 AMC에 대해 모두 내성인 경우가 흔하며, cefuroxime 및 ceftriaxone 에 대한 내성률이 유의하게 증가하였다. 이러한 균주의 내성 기전 분석과 함께 이의 출현과 확산을 최소화하기 위한 노력이 필수적이다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1983

This paper deals with the isolation of citrate-utilizing variants of Escherichia coli ($Cit^+$ E. coli) from the animals, their biochemical reactivity and antibiotic susceptibility, and whether the citrate utilizing ability is transmissible. One hundred arid twenty-three isolates of $Cit^+$ E. coli were obtained from cattle and pigs. but from other animals, no isolates were obtaied. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of $Cit^+$ E. coli was performed by the agar dilution method, using the following 9 antibiotics, chloramphenicol(CP), tetracycline(TC), streptomycine(SM), kanamycin(KM), colistin(CL), gentamicin(GM), cephaloridine(CR), aminobenzycillin and nalidixic acid(NA). All the variants tested were susceptible to KM, CL, GM, CR and NA. Of all the variants, 80(65%) were resistant to the drugs tested and resistance to TC and SM was most frequent. The transmission of the ability to utilize citrate on Simmons citrate agar at $37^{\circ}C$ was demonstrated in 78(67.8%) out of the 115 $Cit^+$ E. coli. There were no significant difference in the transfer rates of citrate utilizing ability between resistant and susceptible variants to above 9 drugs. Of 123 isolates, 8 were lost their citrate utilizing ability, spontaneously.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권8호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2021

Background: Antibiotic resistance is associated with longer hospitalizations, higher treatment costs, and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Iranian children. Methods: International databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, and Iranian databases, including Scientific Information Database (www.sid.ir), Magiran, and Iranian Database for Medical Literature (idml.research.ac.ir), were systematically searched for articles published between January 2000 and August 2019. Sources of heterogeneity were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results: Overall, 343 studies were identified; of them, 20 were included in the meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence. The pooled prevalence of MRSA was 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29-55) among culture-positive cases of S. aureus, 51% (95% CI, 39-62) in hospitalized children, and 14% (95% CI, 0.05-27) in healthy children. Conclusion: The overall pooled prevalence of MRSA in children was 42%. Appropriate infection control measures and effective antibiotic therapy are needed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2003

목 적 : 폐구균은 중이염, 폐렴등의 흔한 원인이며 패혈증 및 뇌수막염 등 중증감염을 일으킬 수 있다. 최근 폐구균의 항균제 내성률이 증가하는 추세를 보이며, 예방접종이 개발되어 우리나라에서도 곧 시행될 전망이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 폐구균에 의한 질병분포 및 내성률에 대한 변화 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1991년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 연세대학교 신촌세브란스병원 소아과에서 시행한 배양검사상 폐구균이 확인된 환아 306명을 대상으로 임상양상과 진단명을 의무기록을 통해 후향적으로 조사하였고, 선천성 심질환이나 혈액종양질환을 앓고 있는 환아는 조사대상에서 제외하였다. 월별 빈도와 연도별 내성률의 변화 및 연령에 따른 중증감염의 정도를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 검사 당시 연령은 2개월부터 15세까지의 분포를 보이며 평균연령은 7.9세이었고, 연령별로는 6세 미만이 77%로 대부분을 차지하고 2세 미만이 42%이었다. 남녀 비는 1.6 : 1이었다. 2) 월별 분포는 봄에 해당하는 3월과 4월이 42%로 높았고 여름에 해당하는 8월과 9월이 6%로 낮았다. 3) 질병별로는 폐렴 29.2%, 중이염 19.3%, 패혈증 17.6%, 뇌막염 9.5%순이었고, 연령별 차이는 없었다. 4) 페니실린에 대한 내성률은 1991년 65%에서 2000년에 84%로 점차 증가하는 추세였다. 다제내성의 경우도 1991년 10%에서 2000년 78.3%로 점차 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 결 론 : 6세 미만의 어린 소아에서 중증감염을 일으키는 원인의 하나인 폐구균은 점차 내성률 및 다제내성 빈도가 증가하는 추세로 전국적 조사가 필요하며, 이의 예방을 위해 폐구균의 예방접종에 대한 검토가 필요하다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) generated Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli is responsible for resisting antibiotics, which is clinical problem. This study was performed to investigate the isolation rates of 111 strains having positive of VITEK ESBL test 111 ESBL-strains in each month and season and statistically to determine their patterns of antibiotic test. One hundred eleven ESBL-strains were collected among 1,688 strains of E. coli isolated from various clinical specimen of one general hospital in Busan during 2002 to 2003. Month rates of ESBL-strains were 0％ to 13.3％, while the seasonal rates were highest at autumns during two years. The resistance to ampicillin, cefazolin, azteronam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime were 100％ in 2002. In ampicillin and cefazolin the resistances were 100％ during the two years. There were significant differences of cefoxitin and piperacillin/tazobactam between the two years but not significant between specimens. Four groups were divided according to the pattern of resistance and then the highest group had 93∼100％ of the resistance to 8 drugs but not resistant to imipenem.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-50
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• 2023

As the field of interventional pain management (IPM) grows, the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) is increasing. SSI is defined as an infection of the incision or organ/space that occurs within one month after operation or three months after implantation. It is also common to find patients with suspected infection in an outpatient clinic. The most frequent IPM procedures are performed in the spine. Even though primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis via hematogenous spread is the most common type among spinal infections, secondary spinal infections from direct inoculation should be monitored after IPM procedures. Various preventive guidelines for SSI have been published. Cefazolin, followed by vancomycin, is the most commonly used surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in IPM. Diagnosis of SSI is confirmed by purulent discharge, isolation of causative organisms, pain/tenderness, swelling, redness, or heat, or diagnosis by a surgeon or attending physician. Inflammatory markers include traditional (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count) and novel (procalcitonin, serum amyloid A, and presepsin) markers. Empirical antibiotic therapy is defined as the initial administration of antibiotics within at least 24 hours prior to the results of blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Definitive antibiotic therapy is initiated based on the above culture and testing. Combination antibiotic therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections appears to be superior to monotherapy in mortality with the risk of increasing antibiotic resistance rates. The never-ending war between bacterial resistance and new antibiotics is continuing. This article reviews prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infection in pain medicine.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2013

Background & Objectives: Burn injury mortality and septic complication are frequent and well-known in burned pediatric patients. The overuse of antibiotics is the base for development of wound infection by resistant microorganisms as well as opportunist agents. Methods: We have carried out a study of the bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance clinically important bacteria isolated from burn wound infections in children patients. The most common isolate from burn wound cultures was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (12.7%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (12.0%), Enterococcus faecium (7.7%), Escherichia coli (4.9%), Enterococcus faecalis (3.7%), Burkholderia cepacia (3.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (2.3%). Colistin was very significantly effective drug in gram negative organism, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Results & Conclusion: The resistance rates were 65% and 98% to piperacillin, 63% and 97% to ceftazidime, 28% and 50% to levofloxacin. The most effective antibiotic in gram positive organism, such as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus were moxifloxacin. The resistance rates were 83% and 64% to ciprofloxacin, 80% and 17% to clindamycin.