• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Objective : Erysipelas is an acute inflammation caused by pyogenic bacteria. This mainly involves the upper part of dermis. It begins as erythematous patches with tenderness, followed by fever, headache, chills and fatigue etc. It may results in edema, obstruction of lymphatics and sepsis. So this experiment is carried out for test whether the Bojeasodok-um subtracted Scrophulariae Radix, Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia, Isatidis Radix added indigo Naturalis, Lithospermi Radix have an anti-inflammatory effect and have suppression effect on immunocyte in the state of inflammation which induced by Erysipelas. Method : Experimental animals made use of 4-5 week-age(weight 20-25g) ICR(male) mouse. In the breeding farm, the lighting time was controlled from 7:00 am till 7:00 pm, the temperature was controlled So we concluded that BS is prospected as an anti-inflammatory agent to cure inflammation induced bywithin 18-23$23^{\circ}C$ and water and food were not limited.The freezing lyophilization powder which were extracted from Bojesodok-Um divided low dose group(200mg/kg-BSL) and high dose group(500mg/kg-BSH) and after melting in water, it was orally administered to the mouse. Compared with inflammation induced group which were induced by triggering-inflammation reagent Carageenan and Zymosan and normal contrast group, we measured the edema decrement effect,macrophage and spleen cell activation. Result : 1. BS has suppress inflammatory reaction induced by Carageenan. 2. BS has suppress increasing activation of abdominal cavity macrophage in the Carageenan and Zymosan induced inflammation. 3. BS has suppress increasing activation of spleen cell in the Carageenan and Zymosan induced inflammation. Based on the above result, BS was improved its suppression effect to the inflammatory reaction through the suppression of spleen cell and macrophage activation. So we concluded that BS is prospected as an anti-inflammatory agent to cure inflammation induced by Erysipelas.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.525-538
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• 2018

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, and anxiety that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The reported pharmacological properties of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) include anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of TMP and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. This study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of TMP on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Rats were given TMP (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of TMP significantly reduced grooming behavior, increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. TMP administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning and significantly restored the neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in 5-HT tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The increased 5-HT concentration during TMP treatment might be partially attribute to the tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid mRNA level expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These findings support a role for reducing the altered serotonergic transmission in rats with PTSD. TMP simultaneously attenuated the HPA axis dysfunction. Therefore, TMP may be useful for developing an agent for treating psychiatric disorders, such those observed in patients with PTSD.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-152
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• 2009

Since a liquid-phase LPG injection system allows accurate control of fuel injection and increase in volumetric efficiency, it has advantages in achieving higher engine power and lower emissions compared to the mixer type LPG supplying system. However, this system also leads to an unexpected event called icing phenomenon which occurs when moisture in the air near the injector freezes and becomes frost around the nozzle hole due to extraction of heat from surrounding caused by instant fuel vaporization. As a result, it becomes difficult to control air/fuel ratio in engine operation, inducing exacerbation of engine performance and HC emission. One effort to mitigate icing phenomenon is to attach anti-icing injection tip in the end of nozzle. Therefore, in this study, the effect of engine operation parameters as well as surrounding conditions on icing phenomenon was investigated in a bench test rig with commercially-used anti-icing injection tips. The test results show that considerable ice was deposited on the surface near the nozzle hole of the anti-icing tip in low rpm and low load operating conditions in ambient air condition. This is because acceleration of detachment of deposited ice from the tip surface was induced in high load, high rpm conditions, resulting in decrease in frost accumulation. The results of the bench testing also demonstrate that little or no ice was formed at surrounding temperature below a freezing point since the absolute amount of moisture contained in the intake air is too small in such a low temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.43-47
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• 2011

Korea has seasonal weathers which result in the frosting of soil in winter times, and the thawing of soil in spring. These climate characteristics result in the damaging of pavements, due to the repeated freezing and thawing of road pavements during winter and spring. In order to reduce these pavement damages, anti-frost heave layers are being specially installed, however it is being applied based on foreign researches, and therefore result in the waste of national budget. With this study, a database system was constructed for effective management and monitoring of measured temperatures and function data of 2 meters below the embankment, cut slope, and the cutting-embankment boundary, which are 15 regions picked by the frost index diagram. As the study result, an effective storage and management-purpose database was established for easy data searching and downloading for the pavement design engineers.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2009

To increase utilities as functional materials, 173 strains of silkworm genetic resources in the form of silkworm powder were evaluated for antioxidative capacity, with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water soluble substance). Silkworm powder was prepared with freezing method from silkworms at 5th instar 3rd day larvae. All strains of silkworm powder were prepared with 80% methanol extraction. The data of pupation rate, longevity of silkmoth with origin and voltinism were used for data base of silkworm genetic resources. The weight of a silkworm larva with freezing method at 5th instar 3rd day was measured. The average of antioxidative capacity of 173 silkworm strains was 429.68 nmol. The analysis of correlation among variables was significant, showing negative correlation of the antioxidative capacity with longevity of silk moth and weight of 5th instar silkworm larva. The strains from the tropic, Europe and some other origins were comparatively high. In conclusion, short longevity and low weight of 5th instar silkworm larvae showed comparatively effective antioxidative capacity.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.39-46
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• 1990

This paper was analized the thermal conductivity of polystylene (TENSAR- GEOGRID) embeding into the subbase through frost penetration depth, frost heave, change of bearing capacity, and soil moisture movement due to freezing, thawing and icing actions, and their results were as follows : 1.The change of temperature into the sub-base was much increased by the Tensar-Geogrid insertion, and the frost penetration and frost heave were decreased as the thinner of the insulation thickness but the thawing velocity of melting period was appeared to be faster in case of non-insulated. 2.The frost heave had a close relationship with the thickness of insulations which was reasonably included anti-frost effects. 3.The moisture content during the freezing period of upper layer of the insulation insertion was increased by 15 per cent but it was returned to initial state of the thawing period, and at the down layer temporarily increased by 10 per cent and returned to the original state at once. 4.The insulation was acted as a function of distribution of surcharge, and the settlement of the sub-base was about 1.5 mm under 15 tonnage of load and which was included within the allowable limits. 5.The sliding resistance due to the icing which was induced by the insulation insertion into the sub-base was appeared as more 40 per cent than noninsulation area, so that the insulations should be restricted on the place such as mountains, curved and cross area which were required the braking power under the traffics.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2007

Prohibition of lane changes in bridges and tunnels have been many problems in throughputs of expressways caused by heavy vehicles and slow-moving traffics. Nevertheless, those are constructed actively by the general trends, which are preservation of environment and ecosystem are more important, because mountainous districts are about 70% across the whole extent of Korea. In this paper, the proper design standards for permission of lane changes in bridges and tunnels classified into structure, safe, and driver's conveniences are suggested as follows. 1. Right shoulder should have more than 2.5m in bridges and tunnels. 2. Sufficient equipments of guidance like as directional signs, fingerposts, variable message signs, and markings should be established to smooth and safe lane changes of drivers. 3. Snow melting systems should be established in bridges worried about freezing. 4. Tunnels must be not only satisfied standards for prevention of disasters (2004.11) and lighting rules (KSA 3703), but also established anti-freezing facilities in entrance and exit. 5. The drivers should have honed on their car lights.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.405-412
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• 2016

In order to examine the possibility of practical use of concrete at low-temperature environment using high early strength cement with cold resistance admixture, an experimental study on workability, freezing temperature and compressive strength of the mortar with different types of anti-freezer, water reducing agent and accelerator for freeze protection at low-temperature were evaluated. Compressive strength was increased in use of anti-freezer, especially SN anti-freezer was higher than CN anti-freezer. 0min flow was increased, the 20min flow was decreased. And 20min flow was improved in use of FR, RT water reducing agent. CF, LS accelerator for freeze protection, regardless of the type of water reducing agent, compressive strength was increased.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2003

Pyroligneous liquid(PL) is produced by carbonizing Oak in 350-40$0^{\circ}C$. It is traditionally used for treating stress-related disorder, hepatic disease, immune disorder, G-I disorder and inflammatory disease. The aim of this study is to investigate anti-stress effects of PL. The experiments were performed with the use of young(9 weeks of age) male rats of SD strain and the male ICR mice (20-25 g). Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of the Ginseng, diazepam(BZ) and PL supplementary group were orally administered once a day 100 g of Ginseng extract-kg body weight, 5 mg of BZ/kg body weight and 1 ml of PL100 g body weight and then exposed to stress. The mice of the Ginseng, BZ and PL supplementary group were given water containing 100 g of Ginseng extract/100 ml potable water, 5 mg of BZ/kg 100 ml of drinking water and 10 ml of PL/100 ml of drinking water and exposed to stress. Animals were given materials for 7 days after stabilizing them, and then were given supplementary materials for 5 days with stress. They were stressed by immobilization for 30 minutes and then the animals were exposed to electroshocks for 5 minutes. We recorded stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals by stressing them using the Etho-vision system and measured the levels of corticosterone in blood While stress suppressed locomotor activity of animals, PL-supplementation partially blocked the stress effect of locomotion in rats and mice, and also partially blocked stress-induced behavioral changes such as freezing, burrowing, smelling and rearing activity in rats and freezing, grooming, tailing and rearing in mice. The staying time of stressed rats and mice in open area decreased and in closed area it increased relatively in elevated plus maze test. However, these changes also partially were blocked by PL-supplementation. PL-supplementation decreased levels of blood corticosterone increased by stress in rats. These results suggest that PL protects partially the living organism from stress attack in some cases.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2015

To identify new anti-inflammatory and whitening material, this study investigated the whitening and anti-inflammatory effects of the lyophilized powder from 6 oriental plant extracts (OPE; Citrus junos Tanaka, Mori cortex Radicis, Schisandra chinensis Baillon, Coix lachrymajobi var. mayuen, Angelica gigas NAKAI, and Sophora japonica L.) fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus by assessment of cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblast, inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) prodction, tyrosinase activity and melanin formation. The OPE was fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus at $37^{\circ}C$ for 2 days and the lyophilized powder was manufactured by freezing-dryer. OPE didn't show cytotoxicity at concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$ using a cytopathic effect reduction method. OPE also exhibited inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) prodction by Griess reagent system. Furthermore, OPE showed inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity with dose dependent manner, and exhibited significant inhibition of melanin formation by measurement of melanin from culture media (p < 0.05). From these results, 6 OPE extracts showed anti-inflammatory and whitening effect and may be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.