• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Objectives Alismatis Rhizoma has been known to suppress inflammation and allergic reaction. However, the cellular target of Alismatis Rhizoma and its mechanism of action remain unclear. This study was designed to examine the effect of Alismatis Rhizoma extract (ALC) on the RBL-2H3 mast cells in vitro and on the OVA/alum sensitized mice ex vivo. Methods In the study, RBL-2H3 mast cells were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) for 24 hours, and treated separately with cyclosporin A and varying doses of ALC, and then stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (50 ng/ml) and Ionomycin ($0.5{\mu}M$). The levels of IL-13, IL-4 were measured by ELISA analysis. The mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, $TNF-{\alpha}$ were analyzed with Real-time PCR. Also, manifestations of MAPKs transcription factors and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 translocation were analyzed by western blotting in vitro. Subsequently, for ex vivo experiment, we induced allergic inflammation on Balb/c mice by OVA/alum and administered ALC orally. And we measured serum OVA-specific IgE level and IL-4, IL-13 in the splenocyte culture supernatant by ELISA analysis. Results ALC was shown to suppress mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and to inhibit the IL-13, IL-4 production. Also ALC reduced an activation of mast cells specific signal MAPKs transcription factors and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 from the western blot analysis in in vitro experiment. In ex vivo, ALC oral adminstration decreased the level of OVA-specific IgE in serum, and IL-4, IL-13 in the splenocyte culture supernatant. Conclusions ALC is shown to reduce inflammation and allergic response by suppressing Th2 cytokines through the regulation of transcription factors MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 in mast cells. Administration of ALC suppressed OVA-specific IgE in ovalbumin allergy model through the inhibition of Th2 cytokine. In conclusion, ALC can be considered as an effective treatment for allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.8
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• pp.393-399
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• 2021

Food allergies and food-induced anaphylaxis are important health problems. Several cofactors modulating the onset of anaphylaxis have been identified. In the presence of cofactors, allergic reactions may be induced at lower doses of food allergens and/or become severe. Exercise and concomitant infections are well-documented cofactors of anaphylaxis in children. Other factors such as consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol ingestion, and stress have been reported. Cofactors reportedly play a role in approximately 30% of anaphylactic reactions in adults and 14%-18.3% in children. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is the best-studied model of cofactor-induced anaphylaxis. Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, the most common FDEIA condition, has been studied the most. The mechanisms of action of cofactors have not yet been fully identified. This review aims to educate clinicians on recent developments in the role of cofactors and highlight the importance of recognizing cofactors in food allergies and food-induced anaphylaxis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.218-223
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• 2005

According to the Chinese and Korean medicinal and herbal literature, SSG(Silsosangami) is effective for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia and arteriosclerosis. The pharmacological action of SSG has been limitedly studied in regard to ischemic infarction. This herbal medicine has been shown to express diverse activities such as immunomodulating, anti-infarction, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. Antisclerotic effects of SSG in experimentally induced atherosclerosis in rabbits have also been reported. However, pharmacological mechanisms of SSG on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis formation are poorly understood. The present paper reports the effect of extracts obtained from SSG on endotoxin-induced experimental DIC in rats. Also, these were tested for their effect on endotoxin-induced blood platelet aggregation, thrombin-induced conversion of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in vitro experiments with aspirin as a positive agent. The anti-thrombic properties of SSG were also investigated by means of analytical parameters of bood composition. The extracts of SSG and its seven herbs, except Cnidii Rhizoma and Carthami Flos, inhibited the endotoxin-induced DIC and thrombosis in rats. Also the extract inhibited the endotoxin-induced decrease in blood platelets and fibrinogen, and endotoxin-induced increase in fibrin degradation products (FDP) on disseminated intravascular coagulation in normal rats.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1659-1665
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• 2005

Gamipaidok-san(GPDS) is the Hyungbangpaidok-san prescription fortified with the additional ingredients known to be effective for dermatitis. So it has been used for atopic dermatitis in the clinic work actually. In this study, we investigated the effects of GPDS on in vitro and in vivo anti-allergic effect on RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia Cells and on IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of GPDS in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. GPDS potently inhibited $\beta$-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 and the IgE-mediated PCA reaction in mice. GPDS inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner Furthermore, It also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells, and the activation of the transcription factor, NF-kB, in nuclear fraction. The antiallergic action of GPDS may originate from anti-inflammatory activities, and can improve the inflammation caused by allergies.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

Background : The pathogenesis of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) is not clear, but it has been known that the immune mechanisms play an important role. Authors performed this study to establish an animal model of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) by immunizing the myelin components of peripheral nerves and to understand the electrophysiological and histopathological features as well as the ${CD_5}^+$ B-lymphocyte changes in peripheral bloods in the EAN models. Methods : Lewis rats weighing 150-200 gm were injected subcutaneously in soles two times with total myelin, P0, P1, or P2 proteins purified from the bovine cauda eguina. The EAN induction was assessed by evaluating clinical manifestations. The electrophysiological and histopathological features were studied as routine methods. The ${CD_5}^+$ Blymphocytes were double stained using monoclonal FITC conjugated anti-rat CD45RA and R-PE conjugated anti-rat ${CD_5}^+$ antibodies and calculated using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). Results : The EAN animal models were established. In two out of five, in one out of two, in none out of three, and in none out of one Lewis rats injected with purified total myelin, P0, P1, P2 proteins respectively, They showed slow spontaneous motor activity and weak resistance against pulling back by tails. The typical electrophysiological and histologic findings in total protein and P0 induced EAN animal models were the decreased conduction velocity, the decreased compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and the dispersion phenomenon. The perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes with focal demyelinating process were found in light microscopy. The ${CD_5}^+$ B-lymphocyte expression in three EANs were 2.38%, 3.50% 2.50%, which were not significantly increased, compared with those in normal controls. Conclusion : The EAN animal models were successfully established by injecting the total myelin and P0 myelin and they showed electrophysiological and histological features typical of demyelinating process. However they did not show an increased expression of ${CD_5}^+$ B-lymphocyte in peripheral bloods which could be indirect evidence of humoral autoimmunity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.37-51
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• 2005

Mast cell is a cell that functions mainly in our body with a respect to inflammation and allergic response. Bee venom has been progressed in a study as a model related to mechanism in alleviation of pain until now, but it is being progressed in a study relevant to immunocyte in anti-inflammation or anti-allergic response. The present study is aimed to present the basis related to a future study of gene, by researching the influence of melittin and MCD Peptide, which are major ingredients in Bee venom, upon the expression of gene in the mast cell strain. In this study, it dealt with melittin and MCD Peptide respectively, in the effective concentration after passing though the experiment of cytotoxicity by using human mast cell strain. Also, with the respect in the aspect of expression in gene that changes at this time, information was obtained through the technique of analyzing microarray. Through experimental statistics, when regarding a case that global M is significant in more than 1 or -1, in melittin, all 7 genes were accelerated, and 8 inhibited. In MCDP, 7 genes were accelerated and 17 genes inhibited. The function in the body to which these genes are related, was associated with the protein binding within a cell, the activation in the function of lymphocyte, the acceptor related to macrophage antigen. In cell nucleus, substance related to GABA A receptor, protein associated with cAMP reactive element, substance related to complement system No.8 and to B-cell, protein substance related to polycystic kidney disease, substance related to inflammation, and the protein substance of influencing coagulation of blood. Through these results of analysis, it could obtain more useful materials in clarifying the mechanism of action in melittin and MCD peptide, which are in charge of mainly medical action in the abdomen. Also, it is thought that an in-depth study on the influence of main ingredients in Bee venom, the wholly honey bee venom aqua upon anti-allergic response or anti-inflammation are further required.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.512-519
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• 2014

This study investegated the effect of Liriope platyphylla (LP) on allergic reactions and its mechanism of action. We investigated the effect of LP on Evans Blue (EB) extravasation induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE in rats. We tested whether the ethanol extract of LP reduced ear skin thickness and historical changes induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to ears of mice. We evaluated compound 48/80-induced release of histamine in rats peritoneal mast cell (RPMCs). We also investigated the regulatory effect of LP on the level of inflammatory mediators in PMACI-induced human mast cell (HMC-1); cytokine IL-6, IL-8, TNF-${\alpha}$ in HMC-1, MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) in HMC-1. The ethanol extract of LP (81.3 mg/100 g body weight) significantly inhibited the PCA reaction compared with the control (P < 0.05). However, LP did not prevent topical applications of DNFB-induced ear skin thickening and histological changes. In RPMCs, histamine release induced by compound 48/80 was significantly attenuated by LP at $100{\mu}g/ml$ (P < 0.05). LP extract ($100{\mu}g/ml$) significantly reduced the PMACI-induced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion via inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in HMC-1. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of LP inhibited mast cell-derived, immediate-type allergic reactions, and the result suggest the potential of LP for preventing allergic inflammatory disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2006

Numerous investigators have studied various activities of natural products and have found that they have not only nutritional effects, but also beneficial properties to cure various diseases and to maintain good health. Job's Tear(Yul-Moo) is a grass crop that has long been used in traditional medicine and as a nourishing food. Although its mechanism of action remains unclear, Job's Tear has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, stomachic, anti-allergic, and anti-spastic effects and has been used in China for the treatment of warts, rheumatism, and neuralgia. Previous results in our laboratory demonstrated that the ethanol extract and the water extract of Job's Tear exerted an immune regulatory function on mice cells in vitro. The present study was performed to investigate the ex vivo effect of Job's Tear on immune function. Seven to eight weeks old mice(Balb/c) were fed chow diet ad libitum and water extract of Job's Tear was administered orally every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations(50 and 500mg/kg B.W.). Splenocytes proliferation with mitogen stimulation with Con A and LPS was enhanced at 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear compared to those of the control group. The results of this ex vivo study showed that proliferation of splenocytes and macrophage activation were seen in the mice orally administrated 50 mg/kg B.W. of Job's Tear water extracts. In conclusion, this study suggests that Job's Tear extracts may enhance immune function by regulating splenocyte proliferation and the cytokine prodution capacity of activated macrophages in mice.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

Objectives PRAL (Prunus armniaca Linne Var) is a herbal formula in Oriental Medicine, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties. However, its mechanism of action and the cellular targets have not yet been found enough. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of PRAL on Th2 cytokines expression in MC/9 mast cells. Methods The effect of PRAL was analyzed by ELISA, Real-time PCR, Western blot in MC/9 mast cells. mRNA levels of GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ were analyzed with Real-time PCR. Levels of IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were examined by Western blot analysis. Results PRAL inhibited GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in a dose dependent manner. GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5 mRNA expression were inhibited significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression were inhibited at concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$, 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. PRAL also inhibited the IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group in a dose dependent manner. IL-13 production was inhibited at a concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and MIP-$1{\alpha}$ was inhibited at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$. Western blot analysis of transcription factors involving Th2 cytokines expression revealed prominent decrease of the mast cell specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, c-Jun as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 but not NFAT-2 and c-Fos. Conclusion These results indicate that PRAL has the effect of suppressing Th2 cytokines production in the MC/9 mast cells. These data represent that PRAL potentiates therapeutic activities to the allergic disease by regulating Th2 cytokines in the MC/9 mast cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.428-435
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• 2003

This research was performed to examine an anti-inflammatory effects of Gamisangryosamul-Tang(GSS) and anti-pruritus effects of Ziyang-Go(Salve). This study was processed by three experiments; Experiment 1: Inhibitory activity of GSS extract on the degranulation of mast cell and histamine release in plasma induced by compound 48/80 i.p, injection after the pretreatment of GSS extract i.p, injection in Sprague-Dawley rats, Experiment 2: Anti-inflammatory effect of GSS extract on macropharge raw 264,7 cells treated by LPS 250 ppm (before 2 hours). Experiment 3: Measurement of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and atopic dermatitis using NC/Nga mice, GSS extract inhibited histamine release by 70% compared to compound 48/80 treated control group and histologically significantly reduced (P<0,01) the degranulation of mast cell in SD rats. In GSS extract treated group, the expression of TNF-α in macropharge cell showed the remarkable inhibitory effect about 62% (P<0,01) compared to LPS treated control group. The expression of IL-6 appeared more effective by 46% than the LPS treated control group and by 6% compared to hydrocortison treated group, Comparing with steroid (0.05% prednisolon) ointment, Ziyan-Go treated group showed the significant(30%) recovery on skin response index in atopic dermatis like anaphylaxis mice(NC/Nga), Finally, in scratching behavioral tests of NC/Nga mice for three weeks, Ziyang-Go treated group significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the pruritus on the face, neck, ears and dorsal skin than inbred NC/Nga mice. However, the change of IgE and IFN-γ from the spleen cell of NC/Nga mice was not significantly different between the oral intake of GSS extract group and of saline intaked control group. Summary and Conclusion: This study demons trates that Ziyang-go have the equal anti-pruritus effect to steroid ointment and GSS extract have the notable immunologic activity on inflammatory in vivo and in vitro model. Advanced experiment of this study will be required for more reliable information about the correlation between the lymphokine (i.e. IgE) and the anti-allergic effects of GSS.