• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2000

The Urban thermal environment is influenced and modified in many ways. One modification is brought by the anthropogenic heat generation emitted from the combustion processes and the use of energy such as industrial, domestic and traffic procedure. The anthropogenic heat generation affect an the increase of urban temperature, the well-known urban heat islands. The study on the urban thermal environment needs a great deal of the statistic data about the inner-structure of urban, the contribution of different constructions and the traffic amount on urban thermal environment in finite region. In order to overtake a quantitative analysis of effect of the anthropogenic heat, a distribution map of the urban anthropogenic heat was made using hte data of the energy consumption used at the several constructions and traffic amount of vehicles in Pusan Metropolitan. Annual mean heat flux over the 4$\textrm{km}^2$ urbanized area in Pusan is 41.5W/$m^2$, ranging from 31.4W/$m^2$ in summertime to 59.5W/$m^2$ in wintertime and maximum diurnal anthropogenic heat generation is corresponding to 10% of irradiance during summertime.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.1045-1054
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• 2002

Urban atmospheric conditions are usually settled as warmer, drier and dirtier than those of rural counterpart owing to reduction of green space and water space area heat retention in surfaces such as concrete and asphalt, and abundant fuel consumption. The characteristics of urban climate has become generally known as urban heat island. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of the heat emission from human activity, which is a main factor causing urban heat island. In this study, the anthropogenic heat fluxes emitted from vehicles and constructions are estimated by computational grid mesh which is divided by 1km $\times$ 1km. The anthropogenic heat flux by grid mesh can be applied to a numerical simulation model of the local circulation model. The constructions are classified into 9 energy-consumption types - hospital, hotel, office, department store, commercial store, school, factory, detached house and flat. The vehicles classified into 4 energy-consumption types - car, taxi, truck and bus. The seasonal mean of anthropogenic heat flux around central Daegu exceeded $50 W/m^2$ in winter. The annual mean anthropogenic heat flux exceeded $20 W/m^2$. The values are nearly equivalent to the anthropogenic heat flux in the suburbs of Tokyo, Japan.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2000

In order to overtake a quantitative analysis of effect of anthropogenic heat and different land-use on urban thermal environment numerical simulation of surface energy budget was carried out under typical summer synoptic condition. It is beneficial to understand surface temperature of complex urban surace. The different land-use types are classified of rice field farm fruit garden residential region forest water and swamp by using map scaled 1/25000 of Pusan metropolitan. The model predicts that maximum heat island intensity in the central part of Pusan is 7$^{\circ}C$ at 2000 LST in summertime. The surface temperature is propotional to the density of constructions. The effect of anthropogenic heat generation on surface temperature is the increase of 0.3$^{\circ}C$ at 1400LST in the central part of Pusan during summertime.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.511-520
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• 2000

The urban atmosphere is characterized by th difference in surface and atmospheric environment between urban and more natural area. To investigate th climatic effect of land use type and anthropogenic heat of urban on wind field, numerical simulations were carried out under typical summer synoptic condition. The wind model PNU_MCM(Pusan National University Mesoscale Circulation Model) is based on the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations, taking into account the hydrostatic assumption . Since lane-use differs over every subdivision on Pusan the surface energy budget model includes sub0grid parameterization scheme which can calculate the total heat flux over a grid surface composed of different surfaces. The simulated surface wind agrees well with the observed value, and average over 6 days which represent typical summer lan-sea breeze days, August 1998, i.e. negligible gradient winds and almost clear skies. Urbanization makes sea-breeze enhance at day and reduce land-breeze at night. The results show that contribution of land-use type is much larger than that of anthropogenic heat in Pusan.

• 대기
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.567-583
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• 2019

In this study, the high-resolution numerical simulations considering detailed anthropogenic heat, albedo, emission and roughness length are analyzed by using single layer Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in Weather Research Forecast (WRF). For this, improved urban parameter data for Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) was collected from global data. And then the parameters were applied to WRF-UCM model after it was processed into 2-dimensional topographical data. The 6 experiments were simulated by using the model with each parameter and verified against observation from Automated Weather Station (AWS) and flux tower for the temperature and sensible heat flux. The data for sensible heat flux of flux towers on Jungnang and Bucheon, the temperature of AWS on Jungnang, Gangnam, Bucheon and Neonggok were used as verification data. In the case of summer, the improvement of simulation by using detailed anthropogenic heat was higher than the other experiments in sensible flux simulation. The results of winter case show improved in all simulations using each advanced parameters in temperature and sensible heat flux simulation. Improvement of urban parameters in this study are possible to reflect the heat characteristics of urban area. Especially, detailed application of anthropogenic heat contributed to the enhancement of predicted value for sensible heat flux and temperature.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.665-681
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• 2012

This study investigates the influence of anthropogenic heat (AH) release on urban boundary layer in the Gyeong-In region using the Weather Research and Forecasting model that includes the Seoul National University Urban Canopy Model (SNUUCM). The gridded AH emission data, which is estimated in the Gyeong-In region in 2002 based on the energy consumption statistics data, are implemented into the SNUUCM. The simulated air temperature and wind speed show good agreement with the observed ones particularly in terms of phase for 11 urban sites, but they are overestimated in the nighttime. It is found that the influence of AH release on air temperature is larger in the nighttime than in the daytime even though the AH intensity is larger in the daytime. As compared with the results with AH release and without AH release, the contribution of AH release on urban heat island intensity is large in the nighttime and in the morning. As the AH intensity increases, the water vapor mixing ratio decreases in the daytime but increases in the nighttime. The atmospheric boundary layer height increases greatly in the morning (0800 - 1100 LST) and midnight (0000 LST). These results indicate that AH release can have an impact on weather and air quality in urban areas.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

도시 지역의 열 환경을 파악하기 위해 열 플럭스를 추정하고자 하는 연구들이 많이 진행되어 왔다. 현재 다양한 방법을 통해 현열 플럭스가 추정되고 있으나 각 방법 간의 차이를 비교하는 연구는 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 대표적인 두 가지 현열 플럭스 추정 방법을 통해 동일한 대상지의 현열 플럭스를 추정하고 그 결과를 비교하여 방법 간의 의의와 한계를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 열수지 방정식 방법을 통해 현열 플럭스를 추정할 경우 해상도면에서 큰 장점을 가지나 도시 지역의 특징 중 하나인 인공열을 반영하지 못해 현열이 과소추정될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 물리식을 기반으로 추정할 경우 상대적으로 오차가 작고 인공열의 반영이 가능하나, 시간 및 공간 해상도에 있어 한계가 있음을 확인하였다. 두 방법은 인공열이 많이 발생하는 공업지역에서 가장 큰 차이를 나타냈으며 그 차이는 평균 약 135 W/m², 최대 400 W/m²로 나타났다. 반면 녹지 및 수변공간은 약 20 W/m²로 두 방법 간의 차이가 매우 작은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 방법 간의 결과가 도시 지역에서 유의미한 차이를 보이는 만큼 향후 연구 목적에 맞는 방법을 선택할 필요가 있다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.397-407
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• 2010

The increase of the solar reradiation from urban areas relative to suburban due to urbanization heats up the air temperature in urban areas and this is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This UHI effect has a positive relationship with the degree of urbanization. Through the studies on UHI using the satellite imagery, the effect of the surface heat radiation was observed by verifying the relationship between the air temperature and the land cover types (surface materials such as urban, vegetation, etc.). In this study, however, the surface temperature distribution was studied in terms of land use types for Seoul. Using land use types, the surface temperature in urban areas such as residential, industrial, and commercial areas in Yeongdeungpo, highly packed with industrial and residential buildings, was maximum $6^{\circ}C$ higher than in the bare ground, which indicated that the surface temperature reflected the pattern of the human-consumed energy on the areas and showed that one of the important causes influencing the air temperature except the surface heat reradiation by the sun is the anthropogenic heat. Also, the effect due to the restoration of the Chunggae stream on UHI was investigated. The average surface temperature for the Chunggae stream was reduced about $0.4^{\circ}C$ after restoration. Considering that each satellite image pixel includes mixture of several materials such as concrete and asphalt, the average surface temperature might be much lower locally reducing UHI near the stream.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.482-491
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• 2012

인공위성영상은 적외선 채널을 이용하여 지표에서 복사되는 열을 감지할 수 있기 때문에 이를 이용하여 도심지역의 지표온도와 열섬현상과의 관계를 밝히기 위한 많은 노력이 있어왔다. 그러나 사면향과 경사와 같은 지형인자와 지표온도와의 관계성에 관한 연구는 그동안 다소 미흡하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사면향과 경사와 같은 지형인자의 변화에 따라 지표온도가 어떻게 변화하는지를 Landsat 7 ETM+을 사용하여 연구하였으며 지표에서 발생하는 인본열을 감지할 수 있는 가능성을 평가하였다. 지표의 사면향은 지표온도분포에 중요한 인자로 영향을 주지 않지만, 사면의 기울기는 태양의 고저에 의해 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 위성영상은 지표면과 이루는 각으로 인해 영상에 정확한 지표온도를 기록할 수 없지만, 사면의 기울기 보정을 통해 보정한 결과 평균 지표온도분포 분석에서는 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한 위성영상을 통해 지표발산 인본열 추출의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.232-245
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 지표이용도 특성이 반영된 고해상도 기상예측모델 도시캐노피모형(WRF-UCM)의 수치모의 실험을 통해 도심과 전원 지역 기상변수 및 에너지수지 변화 경향에 대하여 분석하였다. UCM을 적용하지 않은 WRF 모의 결과를 규준실험으로 설정하였으며, 거칠기 길이 변화와 인공열 고려에 따라 총 4가지 실험을 비교하여 분석하였다. UCM을 적용한 실험에서 거칠기 길이의 수정 전과 후의 기온과 풍속의 변화가 크게 나타나지 않았으나, 인공열을 고려한 UCM의 모의 기온과 풍속은 고려하기 전보다 크게 차이가 나타났다. 모의 실험 간의 차이는 전원 지역보다 도시 지역에서 더 크게 나타났다. 자동기상관측(AWS) 기온 관측 자료에 대하여 UCM에 인공열을 고려한 결과의 평방근오차(RMSE)가 가장 적었다. 또한, 차세대도시농림융합기상사업단의 중랑 에너지수지관측소지점의 현열플럭스 관측자료에 대한 검증 수치는 인공열을 고려하여 UCM을 적용한 실험의 RMSE와 BIAS 값이 가장 낮았다. 인공열을 고려한 UCM 적용이 도심의 현열플럭스 모의 향상에 영향을 주었다. 또한, UCM을 적용한 후 도시 지역 잠열플럭스의 변화 모의를 분석할 수 있었으며, 도심과 전원 지역 모두 UCM 적용 후에 관측 값과 더 가까운 검증 수치를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 WRF 모델에 UCM의 적용이 지표플럭스 모의 향상에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다.