• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.582-586
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• 2006

Due to consumer reluctance to take synthetic drugs for nematode infections and the appearance of resistance to anthelminthic drugs, new drugs from natural products must be developed. Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the freely living nematodes and serves as a good model system for screening anthelminthic drugs. In this study, thirteen flavonoid derivatives were tested for anthelminthic activity and the relationships between their activities and structures were investigated. The structural information combined with the data for the larval growth inhibition of C. elegans provided meaningful structural insights in the search for new anthelminthic drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.25-29
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• 1974

The present clinical trial was performed to evaluate the anthelminthic effect and tolerance of Oxantel pamoate, a new antiwhipworm agent, in the treatment of T. trichiurus infection. Oxantel pamoate oral suspension was administered as a sing1e dose of 10 mg per kg. body weight to a total of 46 T. trichiurus infected cases selected out of 64 positives, by examining 89 fecal specimens collected from the soldiers and in-patients of xx Armed Forces General Hospital. For the evaluation, the negative conversion rate (cure rate) and the egg reduction rate were assessed 22 days after the treatment. The result obtained were as follows: 1. The prevalence rate of T. trichiurus infection in this study was 71.9%, while the mean E.P.G. of 46 treated cases was 126. 2. The egg negative conversion rate was 91.3%, and 98.4% of egg reduction rate was obtained. 3. From the observation of 107 worms expelled during 3 consecutive days after the treatment, it was known that sex ratio of male and female was about 1 : 2 and that average worm burden per capita was 2.3. 4. In all treated cases, the medication was readily accepted and well tolerated. On the hemograms, urinalysis and liver function tests, no significant differences were noted before and after the drug administration. There was also no detectable objective and subjective side effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1976

A combined syrup preparation of pyrantel pamoate and oxantel pamoate containing 50mg/ml of respective anthelminthics was evaluated on the efficacy to treat the human intestinal nematodes. Total 24 cases were treated with oral administration of above preparation 10 mg/kg body weight by single dose. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Out of 21 cases of Ascaris lumbricoides infection, 19 (90.5%) turned to be egg negative on 21 days after treatment and egg-reduction rate was 99.7%. 2. 17 cases out of 19 cases infected with Trichocephalus trichiurus were egg negative after treatment (84.2%) and egg reduction rate was 60.6%. 3. As for Ancylostoma duodenale infection, egg negative conversion rate was 88.9% and egg reduction rate was 98.1% by single oral administration among 9 infected cases. 4. In Enterobius vermicularis infection, all of 17 cases gave negative anal swab on 21th day after the treatment. From the above results, it was assumed that the anthelminthic activities of pyrantel pamoate and oxantel pamoate were not potentiated by the mixture of two kinds of drugs but showed simple additive effect.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.321-327
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• 1999

This study was performed to examine the clinical, serological, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in dogs with acute liver disease induced by tetrachlorethylene at 4 times of anthelminthic oral dose. The results obtained through this experiment could be summarized as follows: 1. The dogs administered with tetrachlorethylene, revealed decreased body weight, and showed lethargy and depression. 2. In serological findings, bilirubin values slightly increased, AST and ALT was decreased at 1∼3 days, and after that time increased according to the lapse of days, and revealed the highest at 5 days, and decreased to normal values at 6 days. 3. In ultrasonographic findings, branches of the portal vein were increased, the echodensity of the liver parenchyma was decreased at early stage, and increased at mid stage, and decreased at last stage. 4. In histopathological findings, necrosis of parenchymal cell, and perivascular hemorrhage were observed more severely at 6 days, as compared with 3 days. There results suggest that ultrasonographic examination is considered to be a more simple, rapid, non-invasive and useful diagnostic method for acute liver parenchymal lesion.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 2004

A small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street communities was examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterovius vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0％ of the children examined were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2％ of the children. Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0％, 44.8％, and 7.0％ respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7％ were found to be harboring parasitic protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis. The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7％. The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-annual follow-up treatments.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.113-115
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• 2003

We carried out a small-scale survey to investigate the status of intestinal protozoa and helminthes infection of inhabitants in Roxas city, Mindoro, the Philippines. Total 301 stool samples were subjected to the formalin-ether concentration method for the detection of helminth ova and protozoan cysts. The overall positive rate was 64.5%, and that of male and female were 56.6% and 72.5%, respectively. The highest infected helminth was Ascaris lumbricoudes (51.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (27.6%), hookworm (8.0%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). The protozoa infection status revealed that Entamoeba coli was the most frequent (15.0%). lodoamoeba buetschlii and E. histolytica were found but few. The multiple infection more than two parasites was 29.6%, and double infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was most common. The intestinal helminth infections were highly prevalent in this area, according to this result, and we concluded that anthelminthic drugs should be given to inhabiiants, especially to children of 1 to 15 years-old.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of whole plant of Boerhavia diffusa were screened for phytochemical and biological activities. Qualitative phytochemical screening via colorimetric method and the quantitative estimation of phenolic and flavonoid content were performed. Antioxidant assay using DPPH scavenging method was studied. Antimicrobial screening of plant extracts was done by cup diffusion technique. Cytotoxic activity of B. diffusa was studied by brine shrimp bioassay and anthelminthic activity was evaluated in vitro in Pheretima posthuma. This study revealed B. diffusa as a source of various phyto-constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids. Quantitative estimation of total phenol was found to be maximum in BEE i.e. $29.73{\pm}0.88$, BME $19.8{\pm}2.02$ and in BHE $9.15{\pm}0.304mgGAE/g$. Similarly, the total flavonoid content was found to be $17.44{\pm}0.75$ in BEE, $14.43{\pm}0.23$ in BHE and 3.678 mg QE/g in BME. Ethyl acetate extract showed its antibacterial activity against all tested pathogens except Escherichia coli whereas Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhi were resistant to methanol and hexane extract. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) of ethyl acetate extract against S. Typhi and B. cereus was found to be 18 mm and 14 mm respectively. The MIC value of BEE in S. Typhi was $3.125{\mu}g/ml$ and in B. cereus was $12.5{\mu}g/ml$. The preliminary screening of anticancer property of B. diffusa i.e. BSLT in methanol was found to be $165.19{\mu}g/ml$. B. diffusa was also found to contain anthelmintic property. The study helped in further exploration of medicinal properties of B. diffusa by phytochemical screening and biological activities paving the path for study and investigation in this plant.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2022

Background: We are necessarily considering changes in the parasite infection rate and methods in Korea from 1970 to the present from the perspective of natural healing. Purposes: This study was to investigate how the difference in the rate of reduction in infection rate has changed and progressed to the present. Methods: A literature review was conducted. Results: Until the 1970s, Korea had one of the highest parasite infection rates. The Parasitic Disease Prevention Act was enacted to control the infection rate in 1966. From 1969, the nationwide national parasite management project was conducted for all students twice a year to treat all parasitic eggs until 1995. In addition, the government commissioned the Korean Association for Parasite Eradication (KAPE) to conduct a national parasite infection survey eight times, from 1971 to 2012, every two years. As a result, the overall egg positive rate of parasite was 84.3% in 1971 but decreased to 2.6% in 2012. In addition, Ascaris lumbricoides, Paragonimus westermani, Taenia spp., and intestinal protozoa were significantly reduced nationwide. Conclusions: Successful control in Korea is judged to have achieved a successful effect by systematically managing national economic growth, social consensus on parasite eradication, improved professional parasite prevention guidelines, and supply of effective anthelminthics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.116-186
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• 1983

An epidemiological study on Clonorchis sinensis infection along the Nam-river (total length ; 186km) flowing in Gyeongsang-nam-do, southern part of Korea, was carried out. Formalin-ether concentration technique and Stoll's egg counting method were employed to figure out the prevalence of C. sinensis infection. For the detection of cercariae from Parafossarulus sp., the snail host of C. sinensis, each snail was placed in aerated tap water, and examined for expelled cercariae. For observing the metacercariae the fresh water fish favorably eaten in raw conditions wore prepared by means of pressing the muscles between two slide glasses and/or by digesting them with artificial gastric juice. The fresh water fish were fed to the rabbits to get the worms and to identify the morphology of adult C. sinensis. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Overall Prevalence of C. sinensis infection was 38.75 from 5,291 examinees; 44.15 (1,408 out of 3,196) in male and 30.4% (637 out of 2,095) in female. 2. The prevalence rates were 42.0% at the upper stream, 41.2% around the vicinity of Jinyanglake, 34.2% at Jinju city, 34.2% at middle stream and 40.3% at down stream regions, respectively. 3. By age, the highest positive rate (53.4∼54.3%) was observed in 30 to 59 years of age. In this age group, the rate in males was 59.7∼62.2%, and in females 42.2∼44.4%, In the age group of less than 19 years it was 7.5∼20.9%. 4. By social strata, the positive rate was 16.5% in the primary school children, 22.6% in school students, 46.2% in teachers and local officers and 49.6% in the general inhabitants. 5. The quantitative examinations with the stool collected from clonorchiasis cases revealed that the light infection (less than 4,000/EPG) was 53.6%, moderate infection (4,001∼10,000 /EPG) 30.3% and heavy infection (more than 10,001/EPG) 16.1%, respectively. More than half of total cases examined were light infection, and 73.2% of female examinees were lightly infected with this cuke. 6. The average value of EPG was 4,963 (male, 6,057; female, 2,557 and the highest value was obtained from the age group of 30 to 59 years (5,240∼6,454). 7. The prevalence of Metagonimus yokogawai infection in humans was 5.5%, and 89.8% of metagonimiasis cases wore double-infected arith C. sinensis. The highest prevalence rate was observed in Jinju city (11.2%). 8. Total of 5,005 Parafossarulus sp., the snail intermediate host of C. sinensis, were examined for the detection of cercariae. The cercarial expulsion rate was 0.34%, and the snails collected in Jin-yang-lake side and in the down stream expelled mainly the cercariae of C, sinensis. 9. About 788 cercariaejday (range: 127∼1,503) were expelled daily from a snail naturally infected with C. sinensis. The snails which released more than 1,000 cercariae/day were 30.8% out of total collected. A snail uniquely released 5,840 cercariae/day in this study. 10. The other trematode cercariae besides C. sinensis were also detected, and the rates out of total snails were the cercariae of Losogenes liberum 6.71%, Cyathocotyle orientalis 0.26%, Notocotylus attenuatus 2.52% and Mucobucaris 0.54%, 11. Ten out of 18 species of fresh water fish caught along the river harbored the metacercariae of C, sinensis. The highest rate of metacercarial infection in fish was detected in Pseudorasbora larva (85.9%). The fish mainly eaten by the inhabitants along the Nam-river, and the metacercarial infection rates were: Zacco platypus 8.0%, Hemibarbus sp. 18.2∼26.7%, Gnathepcgcn sp. 37.5%, Ischikauia steenackeri 42.9% and Pseudogobio esocinus 16.7%. 12. Out of 36 P. larva, the number of metacercariae were about 109 (ranEe; 18∼446) per fish and 27 per gram of flesh. The fish caught in spring harbored the highest number of metacercariae. As indicated above, the prevalence of C. sinensis infection in the inhabitants residing around the Nam-river was relatively high. The farther toward the upper stream areas, the higher was the positive rate of C. sinensis infection, and most of clonorchiasis cases were lightly infected. The snail hosts of C. sinensis distributed all around the Nam-river. Several species of freshwater fish were infected with the metacercariae of C. sinensis and the infection rates were relatively high. To prevent C. sinensis infection in the endemic areas, the effective health education system is suggested as a control measure, although mass treatment is also expected to be useful, using chemotherapeutic agents such as "praziquantel", a recently developed anthelminthic for C. sinensis inftraction.