• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2009

Purpose: The importance of the deformities in alar - columellar complex has been underestimated in Asian ethnic groups for the last decades. Fortunately, with increasing familiarity of the open rhinoplasty techniques, the anatomic details of the nasal tip have been pointed up. Definitely, having an interest and demand for improving the sub - normal relationship between the alar rim and columella are indebted for such growing of knowledge about nasal tip anatomy. However, it is true that any single procedure is not settled as versatile and fully confident modality to correct the retracted notching of the alar rim. With this article, I should like to propose another useful option for treating retracted ala. Methods: The author has tried to correct alar rim retraction by means of: (1) Triangular onlay septal cartilage graft on the lower lateral cartilage with the medial end fixed to the anterior surface of the lateral crus(Alar extension graft), (2) Inserting lateral end of the alar extension graft to the vestibular skin pocket in the form of a finger - in - groove, (3) using the vestibular skin in the form of an advancement flap, and (4) using the soft shield graft to prevent possible visible step - off of the alar margin. Results: The author applied an alar extension graft to 16 patients in order to correct a retracted ala for the last 27 months (August, 2003 - October, 2005). The distances from alar rim to long axis of nostril were improved to be within 2 mm in all of the cases, and also the shape of the alar rim changed to a round form. Nostril asymmetry (6%) in one case, temporary palpable step - off (18%) in three cases, temporary visible step - off (6%) in one case, and temporary paresthesia of the tip (25%) in four cases were observed. Conclusion: The alar extension graft is simple and efficacious. It does not need donor sites other than the operative field, and its results are predictable. In particular, since it may give structural intensity to a weak lower lateral cartilage, it may be preferentially used for the correction of a retracted ala that arises from hypoplastic lower lateral cartilage. Moreover intensified lower lateral cartilage also improves the esthetic shape of lobule.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2016

The anatomy and histology of the olfactory organ in Oryzias sinensis was researched using a stereo microscope and light microscope. In the gross structure, the paired olfactory organs on the dorsal part of the head consist of two nostrils (a circular anterior nostril and a slit posterior nostril in a distance), a single olfactory chamber and a single accessory nasal sac. In the histological study, the epithelium of the olfactory chamber is classified into both sensory and non-sensory regions. The sensory epithelium consists of olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, basal cells and vesicles, and is islet in distributional pattern. The non-sensory epithelium is composed of stratified epithelial cells and two types of mucous cells (acidic and neutral cells). The epithelium of the accessory nasal sac has swollen stratified epithelial cells, mucous cells with a rich glycoprotein. Such an olfactory anatomy and histology of O. sinensis may reflect its habitat surrounding stagnant and polluted water.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.51
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• pp.5.1-5.7
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• 2021

The olfactory organs of two African lungfishes, Protopterus amphibius and P. dolloi, were investigated using a stereo microscope and a compound light microscope and were described anatomically, histologically, and histochemically. Like other lungfishes, these species present the following general features: i) elongated olfactory chamber (OC), ii) anterior nostril at the ventral tip of the upper lip, iii) posterior nostril on the palate of the oral cavity, iv) lamellae with multiple cell types such as olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, basal cells, lymphatic cells, and mucous cells (MC), and vi) vomero-like epithelial crypt (VEC) made of glandular epithelium (GE) and crypt sensory epithelium. Some of these features exhibit differences between species: MCs are abundant in both the lamellar and inner walls of the OC in P. amphibius but occur only in lamellae in P. dolloi. On the other hand, some between feature differences are consistent across species: the GE of both P. amphibius and P. dolloi is strongly positive for Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff (deep violet coloration), and positive with hematoxylin and eosin and with Masson's trichrome (reddish-brown staining), unlike the MCs of the two species which stain dark red with both Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff and Masson's trichrome but respond faintly to hematoxylin and eosin. The differing abundance of MCs in the two lungfishes might reflect different degrees in aerial exposure of the olfactory organ, while the neutral and acid mucopolysaccharide-containing VEC, as indicated by staining properties of the MCs, is evolutionary evidence that P. amphibius and P. dolloi are the closest living relatives to tetrapods, at least in the order Dipnoi.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.153-159
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• 2022

The olfactory organ of a Korean endemic species, Pseudobagrus koreanus, was investigated to describe its morphology and histology and analyze correlation between habitat environment and its ecological habits and characters, using a stereo microscope, a light microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. Its external morphology showed tubular anterior nostril at the tip of the snout and slit posterior nostril at the base of the nasal barbel. The olfactory chamber showed the rosette structure consisting of numerous lamellae radial and parallel to the medium raphe. The olfactory lamella has the sensory epithelium with olfactory receptor nuerons, supporting cells, basal cells, lymphatic cells, plasma cells and the non-sensory epithelium with stratified epithelial cells, mucous cells, lymphatic cells. In particular, 1) 41~43 (n=20) lamellae, 2) lymphatic cells and plasma cells, 3) mucous cells including neutral polysaccharid may be olfactory characteristics relevant to a stagnant or a standing habitat environment, nocturnal habit dependent on olfaction, and taxonomic characters compared at least to other catfish species.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.392-400
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• 2011

Purpose: Cleft lip and palate is one of the most frequent hereditary deformities of the maxillofacial region which can arise in facial and jaw abnormalities as well as malocclusion and speech problems. In particular, unilateral cleft lip and palate is characterized by midface deformity resulting in maxillary anterior nasal septal deviation and nasal deformity. The aim of this study is to analyze the facial deformity of untreated unilateral cleft lip patients for contribution to primary cheiloplasty. Methods: Thirty-three patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were impressioned before operation and facial casts were made. The casts were classified into complete cleft lip and incomplete cleft lip groups and each group were classified into affected side and normal side. Anthropometric reference points and lines were setted up and analysis between points and lines were made. Results and Conclusion: The obtained results were as follows: 1. The intercanthal width had no significant difference between the incomplete and complete cleft lip groups. 2. Cleft width and alar base width were greater in the complete group, and nasal tip protrusion was greater in the incomplete group. 3. Involved alar width and nostril width were greater in the complete group and in both complete and incomplete groups, involved alar width and nostril width were greater than the non-involved side. 4. The lateral deviation of the subnasale was greater in the complete group in both involved and non-involved sides. 5. The nasal laterale was placed inferiorly in both cleft groups. 6. The subnasale was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups. 7. The nose tip was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups and had greater lateral deviation in the complete cleft group. 8. The midpoint of cupid's bow had no vertical difference between complete and incomplete groups, but had a greater lateral deviation in the complete group. 9. In the complete cleft group, correlation between differences in cleft width and nostril width and columella height difference were obtained.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Using stereo, light, and scanning electron microscopes, we researched the anatomical and histological structure of Chaenogobius gulosus's olfactory organ and compared it to those of sympatric gobies Luciogobius guttatus and Favonigobius gymnauchen. Results revealed the following common characteristics: i) tubular anterior nostril (AN) and flat posterior nostril (PN), ii) a single longitudinal lamella, iii) two accessory nasal sacs (ANS, ethmoidal and lacrimal), iv) abundant sensory epithelium lymphatic cells (LC), v) an eosinophil cell, and vi) a ciliary length a quarter of the knob diameter in the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). Some characteristics are specific to C. gulosus and different from the other two gobies: i) 0.5~1.0 mm AN and 0.2~0.5 mm PN (vs. 0.2~0.3 mm and 0.2~0.3 mm in L. guttatus; 0.2~0.4 mm and 0.1~0.3 mm in F. gymnauchen), ii) two ANS (vs. absence in L. guttatus; two in F. gymnauchen), iii) abundant LC (vs. low in L. guttatus and F. gymnauchen), iv) low density non-sensory cilia on the lamellar surface (vs. high in L. guttatus; low in F. gymnauchen), and v) a quarter ciliary length to knob diameter ratio in the ORN (vs. mixture of a quarter to equal ratio in L. guttatus; two or three times in F. gymnauchen). From these results, we confirmed the C. gulosus olfactory organ has adapted anatomically and histologically to the sand-rock tidal zone.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

This is a review regarding Mulliken's Modification using the Millard rotation-advancement principle for the repair of unilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity. All patients underwent prior labionasal adhesion and dentofacial orthopedics with a pin-retained (Latham) appliance used for infants with a cleft of the lip and palate. Technical variations concerning the operation are described. A high rotation and releasing incision in the columella lengthens the medial labial element and produces a symmetric prolabium with minimal transgression of the upper philtral column through the advancement flap. The orbicularis oris muscle is everted, from caudad to cephalad, to form the philtral ridge. A minor variation of unilimb Z-plasty is used to level the cleft side of Cupid's bow handle, and cutaneous closure proceeds superiorly from this junction. The dislocated alar cartilage is visualized though a nostril rim incision and suspended to the ipsilateral upper lateral cartilage. Symmetry of the alar base is addressed in three dimensions, including maneuvers to position the deviated anterior-caudal septum, configure the sill, and efface the lateral vestibular web. The authors believe the technical refinements described herein contribute favorably to the outcome of repair regarding unilateral cleft lip and nasal distortion.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2019

The olfactory organ of the Korean endemic fish, Rhodeus uyekii, a mussel-spawning species, was researched anatomically, histologically and histochemically, for looking into a relation to the physical and chemical condition of its habitat and ecological habit, using stereo microscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The external structure of the olfactory organ consists of the semicircular-shaped anterior nostril with arched shape at its forward position, posterior nostrils and the nasal flap. Within the olfactory chamber, it has the rosette structure with 14 to 15 lamellae which is largely divided into the sensory and non-sensory regions. The sensory region has the olfactory receptor neurons, the supporting cells, the basal cells, the lymphatic cells, and the plasma cells, while the non-sensory region has the stratified epithelial cells, the mucous cells with sulfomucin and 1 type of unidentified cell. In particular, the arched feature in the anterior nostril and the mucous cell of sulfomucin were unique.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2000

The alar base on the cleft side in unilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate is markedly displaced laterally, caudally and dorsally, By incising the pyriform margin from the cleft margin of the alveolar process, including mucosa of the anterior part of the inferior turbinate, to the upper end of the postnasal vestibular fold, the alar base is released from the maxilla, A physiological correction of nasal deformity can be accomplished by careful reconstruction of nasolabial muscle integrity, functional repair of the orbicular muscle, raising and rotating the displaced alar cartilage, and finally by lining the lateral nasal vestibule, The inferior maxillary head of the nasal muscle complex is identified as the deeper muscle just below the web of the nostril, The muscle is repositioned inframedially, so that it is sutured to the periosteum that overlies the facial aspect of the premaxilla in the region of the developing lateral incisor tooth, And then, the deep superior part of the orbicular muscle is sutured to the periosteum and the fibrous tissue at the base of the septum, just in front of the anterior nasal spine, The nasal floor is surgically created by insertions of the nasal muscle complex in deep plane and of the orbicular muscle in superficial one, The upper part of the lateral nasal vestibular defect is sutured by shifting the alar flap cephalically, The middle and lower parts of this defect are closed by use of cleft margin flaps of the philtral and lateral segments, respectively, Authors stress the importance of nasal floor reconstruction at primary surgery and report the technique and postoperative results.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 2015

A single specimen of Symphorus nematophorus (481.0 mm in SL), belonging to the family Lutjanidae, was firstly collected by a set net in the coastal waters of Geojae Island, located in south sea of Korea on August 1, 2014. This specimen was characterized by having the anterior dorsal soft rays produced into filaments, a pit between eye and nostril, no tooth on vomer, and nine longitudinal blue strips on both sides of the body. We propose a new Korean name, "Sil-tung-dom-sok" and "Sil-tung-dom" for the genus and species, respectively.