• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2019

Objective : Endovascular treatment (EVT) outcomes for acute M2 segment of middle cerebral artery occlusion remains unclear because most results are obtained from patients with large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation. The objective of this study was to assess procedural outcomes for acute M2 occlusion and compare outcomes according to thrombus location (M1 vs. M2). Methods : A systematic review was performed for online literature published from January 2004 to December 2016. Primary outcome was successful recanalization rate and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (S-ICH) after the procedure. A fixed effect model was used if heterogeneity was less than 50%. Results : Eight articles were included. EVT showed successful recanalization rate of 69.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54.9-80.4%) and S-ICH rate of 6.1% (95% CI, 4.5-8.3%). The rates of good clinical outcome at 3 months and mortality were 59.4% (95% CI, 49.9-68.2%) and 14.9% (95% CI, 11.4-19.3%), respectively. According to thrombus location (M1 vs. M2), successful recanalization (odds ratio [OR], 1.539; 95% CI, 0.293-8.092; p=0.610) and S-ICH (OR, 1.313; 95% CI, 0.603-2.861; p=0.493) did not differ significantly. Good clinical outcome was more evident in M2 occlusion after EVT than that in M1 occlusion (OR, 1.639; 95% CI, 1.135-2.368; p=0.008). However, mortality did not differ significantly according to thrombus location (OR, 0.788; 95% CI, 0.486-1.276; p=0.332). Conclusion : EVT seems to be technically feasible for acute M2 occlusion. Direct comparative studies between EVT and medical treatment are needed further to find specific beneficiary group after EVT in patient with M2 occlusion.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-155
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• 2016

Objective: This study reports on three cases of cerebellar artery infarction patients treated by traditional Korean medicine.Method: Three patients with cerebellar artery infarction according to cerebellar artery were treated by traditional Korean medicine at the traditional Korean medicine hospital of Daejeon University. The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction patient had ataxia, dysarthria, gait disturbance, and dizziness; the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) infarction patient had facial palsy, dizziness, and hearing loss; and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) infarction patient had gait disturbance and dizziness. Acupuncture, herbal medicine, and pharmacopuncture were used as traditional Korean medicine treatments during hospitalization. We then observed any improvement in the symptoms.Results: The scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) score (gait, stance) of the PCA infarction patient was reduced from 8.6 to 2.2, while the dizziness numerical rating scale (NRS) score was reduced from 10 to 2 after treatment. The Yanagihara score of the AICA infarction patient was reduced from 27 to 14, while the dizziness NRS score was reduced from 10 to 2 after treatment. The SARA score (gait, stance) of the PICA infarction patient was reduced from 7.4 to 1.0, and the dizziness NRS score was reduced from 10 to 1 after treatment.Conclusion: Traditional Korean medicine appears to be effective in treating cerebellar infarction symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-63
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• 2008

Objectives : Eucommiae cortex is reported that it helps bone and skeletal muscle stronger. In case of bone, many report is presented, but reports related to skeletal muscle are rarely existed. So in order to investigate effects of Eucommiae cortex on the skeletal muscle atrophy following stroke, cerebral infarct was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rats. Methods : In order to induce MCAO rats, nylon suture was advanced and then blocked middle cerebral artery(MCA). Water extract of Eucommiae cortex was treated for 15 days, once a day orally, after the MCAO. Effects were evaluated with muscle weights, muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectioned area of muscle fibers in soleus and gastrocnemius of the unaffected and affected hind limbs. And MyoD protein expression in gastrocnemius was demonstrated with immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results : In the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, muscle weight loss of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decrease of cross-sectioned areas of type-I fibers was attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decreases of cross-sectioned areas of type-I and type-II fibers were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected and unaffected hind limb of the MCAO rats, MyoD expressions were increased by Eucommiae cortex treatment. Conclusions : These results suggest that Eucommiae cortex has a protective effect against muscle atrophy, through the inhibition of the muscle cell apoptosis, following the central nervous system demage.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.457-459
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• 2011

A rare case of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage from newly developed cerebral aneurysm in glioblastoma patient is presented. A 57-year-old man was presented with headache and memory impairment. On the magnetic resonance image and the magnetic resonance angiography, a large enhancing mass was found at right frontal subcortex and intracranial aneurysm was not found. The mass was removed subtotally and revealed as glioblastoma. He took concurrent PCV chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but the mass recurred one month later after radiotherapy. He was then treated with temozolomide for 7 cycles. Three months after the completion of temozolomide therapy, he suffered from a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a rupture of a small de novo aneurysm at distal anterior cerebral artery. He underwent an aneurysm clipping and discharged without neurologic complication.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2011

We present a case of tacrolimus-induced encephalopathy after successful kidney transplantation. An 11-year-old girl presented with sudden onset of neurologic symptoms, hypertension, and psychiatric symptoms, with normal kidney function, after kidney transplantation. The symptoms improved after cessation of tacrolimus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed acute infarction of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in the right frontal lobe. Three days later, she had normal mental function and maintained normal blood pressure with left hemiparesis. Follow-up MRI was performed on D19, showing new infarct lesions at both cerebral hemispheres. Ten days later, MRI showed further improvement, but brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed mild reduction of uptake in both the anterior cingulate gyrus and the left thalamus. One month after onset of symptoms, angiography showed complete resolution of stenosis. However, presenting as a mild fine motor disability of both hands and mild dysarthria, what had been atrophy at both centrum semiovale at 4 months now showed progression to encephalomalacia. There are two points of interest in this case. First, encephalopathy occurred after administration of tacrolimus and improved after discontinuation of the drug. Second, the development of right-side hemiplegia could not be explained by conventional MRI; but through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of white matter tract, visualization was possible.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2017

Objective : To evaluate the efficacy of balloon guiding catheter (BGC) during thrombectomy in anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Methods : Sixty-two patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke were treated with thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent from 2011 to 2016. Patients were divided into the BGC group (n=24, 39%) and the non-BGC group (n=38, 61%). The number of retrievals, procedure time, thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grade, presence of distal emboli, and clinical outcomes at 3 months were evaluated. Results : Successful recanalization was more frequent in BGC than in non-BGC (83% vs. 66%, p=0.13). Distal emboli occurred less in BGC than in non-BGC (23.1% vs. 57.1%, p=0.02). Good clinical outcome was more frequent in BGC than in non-BGC (50% vs. 16%, p=0.03). The multivariate analysis showed that use of BGC was the only independent predictor of good clinical outcome (odds ratio, 5.19 : 95% confidence interval, 1.07-25.11). More patients in BGC were successfully recanalized in internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion with small retrieval numbers (<3) than those in non-BGC (70% vs. 24%, p=0.005). In successfully recanalized ICA occlusion, distal emboli did not occur in BGC, whereas nine patients had distal emboli in non-BGC (0% vs. 75%, p=0.001) and good clinical outcome was superior in BGC than in non-BGC (55.6% vs. 8.3%, p=0.01). Conclusion : A BGC significantly reduces the number of retrievals and the occurrence of distal emboli, thereby resulting in better clinical outcomes in patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke, particularly with ICA occlusion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1555-1562
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• 2000

Objects : Surgical management of the distal anterior cerebral artery(DACA) aneurysms presents several unique problems to surgeons, such as difficulty in early identification of parent arteries, high incidence of rebleeding and premature rupture, and requirement of unfamiliar approach other than conventional frontotemporal craniotomy. Therefore, preoperative anatomical knowledge of anterior interhemispheric fissure and entry point of dissection is prerequisite. Authors utilized a frontobasal approach for DACA aneurysms by using consistent external landmark for guidance to the deep structure. Materials and Methods : From Nov. 1995 to Jun. 1999, a surgical clipping of DACA aneurysms was carried out in 9 patients among a total 131 patients with intracranial aneurysms. In each case, the clinical and aneurysmal features were carefully reviewed through the angiograms, medical records, and intraoperative findings. Results : The incidence of DACA aneurysms was 6.9% from our series. All cases were arisen from juxtacallosal por-tion ; 6 cases from pericallosal-callosomarginal(PC-CM) junction and 3 from pericallosal-frontopolar(PC-FP) junction. Associated vascular anomalies were noted in 3 cases and multiple aneurysms in 3 cases, respectively. The preoperative clinical grades were generally poor. An early surgery was performed in 7 cases and frontobasal interhemispheric approaches in 7 cases. Postoperatively, two patients died of complications ; one delayed ischemic vasospasm and one aspiration pneumonia but remaining patients recovered well. Conclusion : The frontobasal interhemispheric approach was useful for DACA aneurysms in early surgery. Division of superior sagittal sinus(SSS) enabled a minimal retraction of brain on both sides, and prevention of intraoperative rupture was possible. Authors suggest the frontopolar(first frontal bridging) vein as a constant external landmark for approaching the genu of the corpus callosum and juxtacallosal DACA aneurysms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.116-123
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• 2008

Objective : The objective of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics, management methods and possible causes of intracranial fusiform aneurysm. Methods : Out of a series of 2,458 intracranial aneurysms treated surgically or endovascularly, 22 patients were identified who had discrete fusiform aneurysms. Clinical presentations, locations, treatment methods and possible causes of these aneurysms were analyzed. Results : Ten patients of fusiform aneurysm were presented with hemorrhage, 5 patients with dizziness with/without headache, 4 with ischemic neurologic deficit, and 1 with 6th nerve palsy from mass effect of aneurysm. Two aneurysms were discovered incidentally. Seventeen aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, other five in the posterior circulation. The most frequent site of fusiform aneurysm was a middle cerebral artery. The aneurysms were treated with clip, and/or wrapping in 7, resection with/without extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in 6, proximal occlusion with coils with/without EC-IC bypass in 5, EC-IC bypass only in 1 and conservative treatment in 3 patient. We obtained good outcome in 20 out of 22 patients. The possible causes of fusiform aneurysms were regard as dissection in 16, atherosclerosis in 4 and collagen disease or uncertain in 2 cases. Conclusion : There is a subset of cerebral aneurysms with discrete fusiform morphology. Although the dissection or injury of internal elastic lamina of the cerebral vessel is proposed as the underlying cause for most of fusiform aneurysm, more study about pathogenesis of these lesions is required.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.9-21
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was intended to examine the effects of electroacupuncture and therapeutic exercise on muscle atrophy and exercise function in an ischemic stroke model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods: This study selected 120 Sprangue-Dawley rats, 8-week of age, divided them into six groups, and assigned 5 rats to each group. Experiments were conducted for 1, 3 days, 1, and 8 weeks, respectively. Group I was a group of electroacupuncture and therapeutic exercise after inducing ischemic stroke; Group II was a group of therapeutic exercise after inducing ischemic stroke; Group III was a group of electroacupuncture after inducing ischemic stroke; Group IV was a sham group of electroacupuncture after inducing ischemic stroke; Group V was a control group and Group VI was a sham group without ischemic stroke. In each group, changes in weight of muscle and relative muscle of TA muscle, neurologic motor behavior test, histologic observations were observed and analyzed. Results: For the changes in muscle weight of unaffected and affected sides of TA muscle, muscle atrophy was seen in an affected side 3 days after ischemic stroke was induced. There was statistically significant difference in Group I 1 week and 8 weeks after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group V (p<0.05). For the changes in relative muscle weight of unaffected and affected sides of tibial anterior muscle, there was significant decrease in each group 3 days after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group IV, while there was statistically significant increase in Group I 1 week after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group V (p<0.05). For neuologic exercise behavior test, Group I generally had the highest score, compared to other groups. Conclusion: electroacupuncture and therapeutic exercise may improve muscle atrophy and change in histologic observations expression of ischemic stroke rats and contribute to the improvement of exercise function.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.340-343
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• 1997

We experienced a female patient with intramural hematoma of the aorta. This patient had a severe anterior chest pain radiating to interscapular area with choking sensation. CT revealed a intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta and a part of the abdominal aorta but there was no evidence of intimal tearing. We did the eme gency operation under hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion. Ascending aorta was replaced and coronary artery bypass graft was done because of intimal tearing of the ostium of right coronary artery. She was discharged without any significant complication. We reported this case with consideration about necessity of emergency operation for intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta.