• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2005

Spatial distribution and vertical structures of water masses around the Antarctic continental margin are described using synthesized hydrographic data. Antarctic Surface Water (AASW) over the shelf regime is distinguished from underlying other water masses by the cut-off salinity, varying from approximately 34.35 to 34.45 around Antarctica. Shelf water, characterized by salinity greater than the cut-off salinity and potential temperature less than $-17^{\circ}C$, is observed on the Ross Sea, off George V Land, off Wilkes Land, the Amery Basin, and the Weddell Sea, but in some shelves AASW occupies the entire shelf. Lower Circumpolar Deep Water is present everywhere around the Antarctic oceanic regime and in some places it mixes with Shelf Water, producing Antarctic Slope Front Water (ASFW). ASFW, characterized by potential temperature less than about $0^{\circ}C$ and greater than $-17^{\circ}C$, and salinity greater than the cut-off salinity, is found everywhere around Antarctica except in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen sector. The presence of different water masses over the Antarctic shelves and shelf edges produces mainly three types of water mass stratifications: no significant meridional property gradient in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, single property gradient where ASFW presents, and a V-shaped front where Shelf Water exists.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2004

Temperature, salinity, alkalinity, pH, nutrient, chlorophyll, and iron were measured within the upper 250m water column around the Antarctic Polar Front in the Scotia Sea from late November to early December 2001. Temperature and salinity showed a rapid change across the Polar Front, and the temperature minimum layer existed only in the southern area of the Polar Front. Total $CO_2$ and nutrient concentrations were relatively high and increased rapidly with water depth in the southern area of the Polar Front, which was resulted from upwelling of the Antarctic deep water containing high concentrations of total $CO_2$ and nutrient. ${\Delta}C:{\Delta}N:{\Delat}P$ ratios measured in the norhem and southern areas of the Polar Front were 75:11.4:1 and 84:12.5:1, respectively, which were lower than the Redfield ratio. ${\Delta}Si:{\Delta}N$ ratio (3.65) measured in the southern area of the Polar Front was two times higher than that (1.95) in the northern area. These two ratios were higher than the ratio (1.0) measured in the temperate and tropical oceans. Chlorophyll concentrations were extremely high in the area of $59^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}S$, which was attributed to favorable environmental conditions for phytoplankton growth in this area, such as sufficient iron, high water column stability, and high silicate concentration.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권6_2호
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• pp.1179-1192
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• 2018

이 연구는 남빙양(Southern Ocean)에서 나타나는 주된 전선(Front)들 중에 남극 극 전선(Antarctic Polar Front; PF)을 탐지하기 위하여 위성 기반 해수면 온도(sea surface temperature)와 해수면 고도(sea surface height) 자료를 복합적으로 사용하였다. 정확한 PF 탐지를 위하여 일별 SST와 SSH 자료를 각각 기반으로 하여 베이지안 결정 이론(Bayesian decision theory)을 적용하였으며, 이를 근거로 전선/비전선의 신호를 격자 별로 분류하였다. 이후, 시공간적인 합성을 통하여 일차적인 노이즈(noise) 제거 및 지리학적 연결성을 보완하였다. 그러나 이들 과정을 수행하고도 여전히 잔존하는 일부 노이즈를 제거하기 위하여 해빙 및 연안 마스킹(masking)을 수행하였다. 또한 모폴로지 연산(morphology operation)을 통하여 지류 성분을 최대한으로 배제하고 주된 전선 성분만을 추출하였다. 최종적으로 선택된 전선 격자 들에서 PF의 특징을 나타낼 수 있도록 가장 최남단의 전선만을 선택하여 평활 스플라인(smoothing spline) 최적화 방식을 통해 선 형태의 월별 PF를 산출하였다. 산출된 PF는 기존의 연구에서 제시한 PF의 위치와 상당히 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 바닥 지형에 따라 상당 부분 결정되는 PF의 변화를 잘 모사하는 것으로 보인다. 로스해 주변(${\sim}180^{\circ}W$)과 호주 이남의 해역($120^{\circ}E-140^{\circ}E$)은 PF의 위치에 대한 계절적 변동이 높게 나타나며, 그러한 변동이 기존에 제시된 결과와 상당히 유사한 경향을 지닌다. 그러므로 이 연구에서 산출된 PF의 위치에 대한 탐지 결과가 향후 장기적 관점에서 수행될 연구에 사용될 수 있는 가치를 지닐 것으로 기대한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.407-418
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• 2008

Seawater samples were collected at discrete depths from five stations across the polar front in the Drake Passage (Antarctic Ocean) by the $20^{th}$ Korea Antarctic Research Program in December, 2006. Nitrate concentrations of seawater increase with depth within the photic zone above the depth of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW). In contrast, ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of seawater nitrate decrease with depth, showing a mirror image to the nitrate variation. Such a distinct vertical variation is mainly attributed to the degree of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton as well as organic matter degradation of sinking particles within the surface layer. The preferential $^{14}{NO_3}^-$ assimilation by the phytoplankton causes $^{15}{NO_3}^-$ concentration to become high in a closedsystem surface-water environment during the primary production, whereas more $^{14}{NO_3}^-$ is added to the seawater during the degradation of sinking organic particles. The water-mass mixing seems to play an important role in the alteration of ${\delta}^{15}N$ values in the deep layer below the UCDW. Across the polar front, nitrate concentrations of surface seawater decrease and corresponding ${\delta}^{15}N$ values increase northward, which is likely due to the degree of nitrate utilization during the primary production. Based on the Rayleigh model, the calculated ${\varepsilon}$ (isotope effect of nitrate uptake) values between 4.0%o and 5.8%o were validated by the previously reported data, although the preformed ${\delta}^{15}{{NO_3}^-}_{initial}$ value of UCDW is important in the calculation of ${\varepsilon}$ values.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.625-631
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• 2003

While phytoplankton diversity and productivity in the Southern Ocean has been widely studied in recent years, most attention has been given to elucidating environmental factors that affect the dynamics of micro-plankton (mainly diatoms) and nano-plankton (mainly Phaeocystis antarctica). Only limited effects have been given to studying the occurrence and the potential risks associated with the blooming of dinoflagellates in the relevant waters. This study focused on the appearance and toxicological characteristics of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, identified and isolated from the Drake Passage in a research cruise from November to December 2001 The appearance of A. tamarense in the Southern Ocean indicates the risk of a paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreak there and is therefore of scientific concern. Results showed that while the overall quantity of A. tamarense in water samples from 30meters below the sea surface often comprised less than 0.1% of the total population of phytoplankton, the highest concentration of A. tamarense (20 cells $L^{-1}$) was recorded in the portion of the Southern Ocean between the southern end of South America and the Falkland Islands. Waters near the Polar Front contained the second highest concentrations of 10-15 cells $L^{-1}$. A. tamarense was however rarely found in waters near the southern side of the Polar Front, indicating that cold sea temperatures near the Antarctic ice does not favor the growth of this dinoflagellate. One strain of A. tamarense from this cruise was isolated and cultured for further study in the laboratory. Experiments showed that this strain of A. tamarense has a high tolerance to temperature variations and could survive at temperatures ranging from $5-26^{\circ}C$. This shows the cosmopolitan nature off. tamarense. With regard to the algal toxins produced, this strain of A. tamarense produced mainly C-2 toxins but very little saxitoxin and gonyailtoxin. The toxicological property of this A. tamarense strain coincided with a massive death of penguins in the Falkland Islands in December 2002 to January 2003.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2005

The European Iron Fertilization Experiment EIFEX studied the growth and decline of a phytoplankton bloom stimulated by fertilising $10km^2$ in the core of a mesoscale $(80{\times}120km)$ cyclonic eddy south of the Antarctic Polar Front with about 2 times 7 tonnes of iron sulphate. The phytoplankton accumulation induced by iron fertilization did not exceed $3{\mu}g\;chl\;a\;l^{-1}$ despite a draw down of $5{\mu}M$ of nitrate that should have resulted in at least double to triple the amount of phytoplankton biomass assuming regular Redfield-ratios for draw down after phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean. During EIFEX the fertilized core of the mesoscale eddy evolved to a hotspot for a variety of small and medium sized mesozooplankton copepods. In contrast to copepods, the biomass of salps (Salpa thompson)) that dominated zooplankton biomass before the onset of our experiment decreased to nearly extinction. Most of the species of the rnosozooplankton community showed extremely hiか feeding rates compared to literature values from Southern Ocean summer communities. At the end of the experiment, massive phytoplankton sedimentation reached the sea floor at about 3800m water depth.

• 지구물리
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2000

남극반도 엘리펀트섬 북부의 남극-스코시아판 경계부에서 획득한 지구물리 자료(탄성파, 중력자료)는 셰클턴 파쇄대를 따라 지각구조의 급격한 변화를 보여준다. 이들 자료에 의하면 셰클턴 파쇄대의 해저산맥은 남극반도 대륙주변부 앞에서 중단되지만, 파쇄대의 변환단층대는 엘리펀트섬 부근의 주변부까지 계속 연장되며 그 넓이도 확장되고 있음을 보여준다. 즉 셰클턴 파쇄대의 변환단층은 남동쪽으로 내려오면서 (1) 드레이크 해협에서는 지구(graben) 구조의 함몰대, (2) 파쇄대 산맥의 남쪽 끝, 삼중점 바로 남동쪽에서는 해양지각에 대규모 반지구(half-graben) 구조, (3) 남극반도 엘리펀트섬 북쪽 대륙사면을 심하게 변형시키는 단층군으로 그 형태를 변화한다. 셰클턴 파쇄대의 단층대를 따라 두 단계의 판구조 환경 변화가 진행되었다. 첫 번째 단계는 대규모 정단층운동에 의해 반지구구조와 같은 확장구조를 형성시킨 확장력 환경이다. 이 시기는 드레이크 해협의 확장이 진행되었던 중기 마이오신세(약 $10Ma{\sim}20Ma$ 사이)에 해당된 것으로 추정된다. 두 번째 단계는 셰클턴 단층을 역단층운동으로 재활성화 시킨 최근의 압축력 환경으로, 이는 최근 약 6Ma이후 진행된 스코시아판의 서향운동으로 인한 남극판과의 수렴작용에 의한 것이다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2015

A 450 m-long sediment section was recovered from Hole U1359D located at the eastern levee of the Jussieau submarine channel on the Wilkes Land continental rise (East Antarctica) during IODP Expedition 318. The age model for Hole U1359D was established by paleomagnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and the ages of core-top and core-bottom were estimated to be about 5 Ma and 13 Ma, respectively. Biogenic opal content during this period varied between 3% and 60%. In the Southern Ocean, high biogenic opal content generally represents warm climate characterized by the increased light availability due to the decrease of sea-ice distribution. The surface water productivity change in terms of biogenic opal content at about 10.2 Ma in the Wilkes Land continental rise was related to the development of Northern Component Water. After about 10.2 Ma, more production of Northern Component Water in the North Atlantic caused to increase heat transport to the Southern Ocean, resulting in the enhanced diatom production. Miocene isotope events (Mi4~Mi7), which are intermittent cooling intervals during the Miocene, appeared to be correlated to the low biogenic opal contents, but further refinement was required for precise correlation. Biogenic opal content decreased abruptly during 6 Ma to 5.5 Ma, which most likely corresponds to the Messinian salinity crisis. Short-term variation of biogenic opal content was related to the extent of sea-ice distribution associated with the location of Antarctic Polar Front that was controlled by glacial-interglacial paleoclimate change, although more precise dating and correlation will be necessary. Diatom production in the Wilkes Land continental rise increased during the interglacial periods because of the reduced sea-ice distribution and the southward movement of Antarctic Polar Front.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2006

남극 드레이크해협 극전선 남쪽 해산(수심 2710 m) 퇴적물코어(DP00-02, 코아길이 284 cm)의 화학조성과 점토광물분석을 실시하여 빙기-간빙기 순환과 관련된 고해양학적 분석을 실시하였다. 구성 점토광물은 전반적으로 스멕타이트가 우세하고 일라이트와 녹니석이 보다 적은 양으로 함유되어 있었다. 그러나 캐올리나이트는 거의 검출되지 않았다. 최하부에서 Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 4와 5의 경계에 해당하는 170 cm 정도까지의 구간에서 상부로 갈수록 스멕타이트의 함량이 10% 정도 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보이고, 그 이상에서는 함량이 거의 일정하다. 점토광물 조성의 일정성에 비하여 $SiO_{2}$, Zr, Cs, Th, REE, $K_{2}O,\;Al_{2}O_{3}$는 $CaCO_{3}$와 상호 대조적이면서 큰 변화를 보인다. 24, 136, 176 cm 깊이에서 $SiO_{2}$의 급격한 증가와 $CaCO_{3}$의 급격한 감소가 관찰되는데, 이 시기에 기원지로 생각되는 남극대륙 빙붕으로부터 ice-rafted debris (IRD)가 다량 공급된 것으로 판단된다. 기타 주원소들, 미량원소, REE의 변화경향은 $SiO_{2}$와 유사하지만, Ni, Cu, Ba은 $SiO_{2}$와 상관성이 상대적으로 매우 낮은데, 이는 쇄설성 외에 속성과정에서의 재동 또는 해양생산성이 높았던 시기의 규조와 같은 생물기원 쇄설물의 축적과 관련이 있는 것으로 추정된다. 특히 Ba의 경우, $SiO_{2}$보다 $10{\sim}20cm$ 정도 지연되어 증가하는 특이한 경향을 보이는데, 이는 빙하후퇴에 이은 생산성의 빠른 증가와 관련된 것으로 보인다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2022

The Ross Sea, Antarctica plays an important role in the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) which is the densest water mass in global thermohaline circulation. Of the AABW, 25% is formed in the Ross Sea, and sea ice formation at the polynya (ice-free area) developed in front of ice shelves of the Ross Sea is considered as a pivotal mechanism for AABW production. For this reason, monitoring the Ross Sea variations is very important to understand changes of global thermohaline circulation influenced by climate change. In addition, the Ross Sea is also regarded as a natural laboratory in investigating ice-ocean interactions owing to the development of the polynya. In this article, I introduce characteristics of the Ross Sea described in previous observational studies, and investigate variations that have occurred in the Ross Sea in the past and those taking place in the present. Furthermore, based on these observational results, I outline variations or changes that can be anticipated in the Ross Sea in the future, and make an appeal to researchers regarding the importance and necessity of continuous observations in the Ross Sea.