• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 1987

Antagonistic interaction between glyphosate and some herbicides in effects of post-emergence application on cut grass and of pre-emergence application on some weed species including barnyardgrass was evaluated with pots in plastic house. By addition of oxyfluorfen to glyphosate, the weeding efficacy on cutgrass was visually evaluated as promotive in both weeding rate and efficacy. However, by alachlor, simazine, gluphosinate or quizalofop-ethyl showed delayed weeding rate, and by paraquat, the promotive in rate but lower in efficacy, respectively. Fresh weights of cutgrass at 30 days after the lower-rate application has generally indicated the lower weeding efficacy than that from glyphosate alone. Even at higher rate application, the addition of alachlor or simazine to glyphosate has still indicated the lower efficacies. As a result of interaction analysis by Colby method, no synergism was detected from any treatments, and the combinations of simazine or paraquat to glyphosate in lower mixing rate showed significant antagonism at 5% probability level of DMRT. On the annual weed species including barnyardgrass, the significant soil-residual weeding efficacies were recognized by addition of any rate of oxyfluorfen, alachlor, simazine and higher rate of quizalofop-ethyl to glyphosate, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2002

The combined action of two factors on organisms can be either antagonistic, non-effective, additive or synergistic. Although synergism is of biological importance, the common features of synergistic interaction between harmful environmental factors are largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to establish general rules describing the response of various organisms to the combined action of heat with another inactivating agent. Synergistic interaction due to the simultaneous treatment of hyperthermia with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation has been analyzed using the experimental data mainly obtained with yeast cells. In addition, the results reported by others for viruses, bacterial spores, cultured mammalian cells, plants and animals were also analyzed to check the regularities revealed. The common rules of the synergistic interaction obtained in this study can be summarized as follows. For any constant rate of exposure, the synergy can be observed only within a certain temperature range. An increase in exposure rate resulted in an increase of this specific temperature and vice versa. For a constant temperature at which the irradiation occurs, synergy can be observed within a certain dose rate range. As the exposure temperature is reduced, the optimal intensity decreases and vice versa. A new conception taken into consideration those regularities can make a clue for environmental disaster preventive analysis of the synergy of radiation with the other factor.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.227-237
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the interaction of vitamins A and E on their transfer from diet to chicken eggs and the effect of vitamin A flood-dosing on its concentration in eggs and livers. In Experiment I, forty-two 45-wk-old brown layers (Bobeock) were divided into seven groups and fed one of seven diets: control, three vitamin A supplemented diets(8, OOO, 16, 000, and 64, 000 IU /kg diet) or three vitamin E supplemented diets (50, 100, and 200 IU/kg diet). In Experiment II, a total of thirty-two 35-wk-old white layers (Hy-ine) were divided into four groups and fed one of four diets :control, vitamin A 20, 00O+vitamin E 200 TU /kg, vitamin A 50, O00+vitamin E 200 IU /kg or vitamin A 100, OO0+vitamin E 200 lU/kg supplemented diets. In Experiment III, a total of fifty-six 35-wk-old white layers (Hy-line) was divided into four groups and fed one of four diets: control or three vitamin A supplemented diets (80, 000, 120, 000 and 160, 000 lU/kg diet). In Experiment I, vitamin E levels of egg yolk in hens fed the vitamin A supplemented diets decreased as dietary vitamin A level increased (P

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1994

Cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has been frequently accepted as an intracellular messenger for receptor-mediated action of opioids. In this experiment, it was designed to determine the interaction of dopaminergic and opioidergic system in the mouse striatum in normal and chronic haloperidol treated groups. Haloperidol 750ug/kg I.P. for 10 days was performed for dopamine denervation. The morphine, DAGO, DPDPE, and U5O,488H inhibited the increase of haloperidol-induced cyclic AMP content in chronic haloperidol treated mouse striatum. The inhibition of DAGO and DPDPE showed significant increase compared to normal mouse striatum. Naloxone showed antagonistic effect on the morphine and U5O,488H in chronic haloperidol treated group, and showed antagonistic effect on morphine, DAGO, DPDPE, and U5O, 488H in normal mouse striatum. These findings support that there is a functional interrelationship of dopaminergic and opioidergic pathway in the striatum. This result provides an evidence that following destruction of striatal dopaminergic neuron, there are some changes of cAMP content on the ${\mu},\;{\gamma},\;and\;{\kappa}$ opioid receptor, but the ${\kappa}$ opioid receptor still has its function.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.288-294
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• 1997

Field and pot expeiments were carried out to evaluate the interaction between quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl on growth of the rice plants(Oryza sativa L. cv. Choocheongbyeo) at 20, 45, 65 days-old stages. Quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl showed antagonistic interaction at both stages, which were detected by the Chisaka's method at isobles of 10% growth inhibition. The antagonism indices were -0.63 and -1.67 at 20 and 65 days-old seedling stages, respectively. Leaf-rolling of rice occurred when quinclorac was applied at 600g ai/ha or more at 20 days-old seedling stage, while it occured at the dose of 900g ai/ha at 65 days-old stage. Bensulfuron-methyl reduced plant height and dry weight as well as tiller production at both stages. Leaf-rolling of rice was reduced when mixture of quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl was applied due to antagonism of the two herbicides. High temperatures increased the phytotoxicity of bensulfuron-methyl, while the phytotoxicity caused by quinclorac alone was not responsive to temperature. The antagonistic effect between quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl increased at low temperature as tested by the Colby's method.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1983

The behaviour of mixtures of herbicides was determined to obtain the basic informations about effective herbicide use, enhancing herbicidal efficacy and reducing the chemical cost. Fourteen herbicides with 91 mixed combinations were evaluated by Limpel et al method at the Echinochloa crus galli Beauv-Monochuria vaginalis Presl.-Scirpus hotarui Ohwi (importance values of these weeds were 63%, 16% and 10%, respectively) community type. Thirty eight mixed combinations showed the antagonistic response. Among these 14 mixed combinations including chlormethoxynil + naproanilide mixture were greater than 11% in antagonistic effect. On the other hand, 40 mixed combinations including chlormethoxynil + SW751 mixture showed additive response (${\pm}2%$). For synergistic response, 13 mixed combinations were belonged to this group. Particularly, 3 mixed combinations, chlormethoxynil + butachlor, chlormethoxynil + bifenox and nitrofen + ACN/MCPB/nitrofen mixtures were greater than 11% in synergistic effects. The mixture of thiobencarb + oxyfluorfen was analyzed by isobole technique. This mixture showed the synergistic response and the interaction index was approximately 2. The most optimum mixtur for inducing 90%n weed suppression was 0.012 kg ai/ha for oxyfluorfen and 0.45 kg ai/ha for thiobencarb.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 1992

Trichoderma spp. are an effective control agent for damping-off or other plant diseases. The interaction between. T. hamatum and Rhizoctonia solani on the rhizosphere or surface soil were examined to assess the possible roles of antibiosis or competition in the mechanisms of biological control agents as a basic research. In a proportional comparison, total bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Trichoderma spp were 65%, 8.8%, 25.9% and 0.28% respectively in their distribution in the soil. Among Trichoderma spp isolated, the 5 species of Trichoderma spp were indentified as T. koninggii, T. pseudokoninggii, T. aureoviridi, T. hamatum and T. viride respectively. In a mycoparasitic test, one isolate of T. hamatum strain Tr-5 showed an enzymatic ability to break fungal hyphae into piecies and infected on the R. solani hyphae showing a parasitism. Spore germination of the all isolates of Trichoderma spp showed a 1.7-7.3% of germination in natural soil conditions, but the percentage was high in sterile soil indicating all the natural soil were fungistatic on conidia of Trichoderma spp. In rhizosphere competent assay in pea plant, the antagonistic T. hamatum, T. viride, T. koninggii, T. pseudokoninggii showed a colonizing upper soil depth in rhizosphere around 1-3 cm in root zone, but the colonizing ability was much reduced along the deeper the soil depth. Propagule density was decreased in deeper the soil layer. Disease development rate treated alone with plant pathogens, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Cylindrocarpon destructans increased, but disease incidence rate reduced in treatment with combinations with antagonistic T. hamatum strain Tr-5.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.2 s.55
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• pp.147-159
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• 1983

In general, herbicides have been classified according to selectivity, mobility. time of application, methods of application, mode of action and chemical property and structure. However, there was no generally accepted classification system for practical use in the field. The primary processes affected by the majority of herbicides are the growth process through cell elongation and/or cell division, the photosynthetic process specifically the light reaction, the oxidative phosphorylation and the integrity of the membrane systems. The usual approach in the study of the mechanism by which herbicides kill or inhibit the growth of plants is to initially determine the morphological phototoxicity systems, The mechanism by which a herbicide kills a plant or suppresses its development is actually the resultant effect of primary and secondary(or side) effects. In most instances, the death of the plant is due to the secondary effects. To induce the desired response, a herbicide must be able to gain entry into the plants and once inside, to be transported within the plant to its site(s) of activity in concentrations great enough. Obstacles to the entry and movement of herbicides in plants are generally classified by leaf and soil obstacles, translocation obstacles and biochemical obstacles, and these obstacles are also strongly influenced by plant species and by environmental factors such as light, temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. And hence, in most instances, results obtained from laboratory or greenhous vary from those of field experiment. Author attempted to classify herbicides from the field experiment using the two-dimensional ordination analysis to obtain practical information for selecting effective herbicides or to choose effective herbicide combinations for increasing herbicidal efficacy or reducing the chemical cost. Based on this two-dimensional diagram, desired herbicides or combinations were selected and further investigated for the interaction effects whether these combinations are synergistic, additive or antagonistic. From the results, it was concluded that these new approach could possibly be give more comprehensive informations about effective use of herbicide than any other systems.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.151-171
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• 2010

Multi-culturalization in our society may be the cause of many problems, but if appropriately dealt with, diversity brought on by multi-culturalization could resolve chronic abuses in education and create a new culture, thereby contributing greatly to national development. The purpose of this study was to examine the current research on multi-cultural education and to provide a normative orientation to multi-cultural education. The literature research was conducted between March 2008 and September 2009. The followings are the findings of this study. First, the results reveal that the appropriate target of a multi-cultural society should not be assimilation, but rather, multi-culturalism. Multi-culturalism has greater adaptability, and the key lies in its respect for human rights, its strengthening of multi-cultural capacity, and its consideration for the minority by moving toward corporate multi-culturalism that aims for equality in results. Second, the first form of multi-cultural education emphasizes neutrality and argues that it is the best way to respect different cultures. This form of multi-cultural education emphasizes neutrality toward "sameness." In this context, sameness means equality of the rights of human beings. The other form of multi-cultural education emphasizes diversity and argues that it is the best way to respect different cultures. It focuses on the recognition of particularity. But it reveals its shortcomings when it excludes interaction not only between an individual and the culture, but also between the insider and outsider of the culture and its social institutions. Thus, multi-cultural education for mutual understanding is suggested. Third, it has been found that pure homogeneous nationalism must be destroyed, but nationalism needs to transform itself rather than be abolished in a globalized and multi-cultural society. Moreover, on behalf of pursuing open nationalism, the self-transformation of nationalism is advisable, in order to for it to overcome its antagonistic and exclusive nature.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.308-312
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• 2005

The global RNA transcription profiles of Bacillus lentimorbus WJ5 under an in vitro co-culture with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were analyzed in order to study the antagonistic bacteria-fungi interactions. Using a filter membrane system, B. lentimorhus WJ5 was exposed to the spores of C. gloeosporioides at the late exponential stage. The transcription profiles of the B. lentimorhus WJ5, both with and without a challenge from C. gloeosporioides, were analyzed using custom DNA chips containing 2,000 genome fragments. A total of 337 genes were expressed, with 87 and 47 up- and down-regulated, respectively. Of these, 12 genes, which were involved in central carbon metabolisms, and 7 from minor catabolism were relatively highly up-regulated (> 10 fold) and down-regulated (< 0.2 fold), respectively. Nine genes, which were thought to be related to the antifungal activity, were also up-regulated, but their levels were not so high (2.0 - 9.7 folds). From the results, during the early stage of the co-culture of B. lentimorbus WJ5 and C. gloeosporioides, nutrient competition seemed to occur; therefore, the genes from central carbon metabolisms could be up-regulated, while those from minor catabolism could be down-regulated.