• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5211-5216
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In Morocco, there have been few recent descriptive studies on female breast cancer. The aim of this study was to describe the latest available incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer among Moroccan women and to compare them with rates in other regional and Western countries. Methods: For this descriptive study, Moroccan incidence data were obtained from the most recent reports of the cancer registries of Casablanca and Rabat. Information on breast cancer incidence for different countries were obtained primarily from publicly available cancer registries and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volume X. Mortality data were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2012 published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Results: The age-standardized incidence (World) rate of breast cancer in Moroccan women increased from 35.0 to 39.0 per 100,000 women between 2004 and 2008, showing an annual increase of 2.85 %. The highest incidence rates were registered in the age groups of 45-49, 50-54 and 55-59 years (106.1, 108.2 and 108.5 respectively). Sixty-nine percent of female breast cancer cases were diagnosed at stages II and III. In 2012, the estimated number of women who died of breast cancer in Morocco was 2,878. The crude, age-standardized (World) mortality rates were 17.3 and 18.0 per 100,000, respectively. Conclusion: Although the incidence of female breast cancer in Morocco is lower than in Western countries, evidence shows that the rate is rising. This increase of breast cancer incidence has been observed in parallel with changes in reproductive behavior and adoption of a Western lifestyle. Prevention policies need to be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.534-540
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• 2012

Objective : Brainstem arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare and radiosurgical management is complicated by the sensitivity of the adjacent neurological structures. Complete obliteration of the nidus is not always possible. We describe over 20 years of radiosurgical procedures for brainstem AVMs, focusing on clinical outcomes and radiosurgical techniques. Methods : Between 1992 and 2011, the authors performed gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in 464 cerebral AVMs. Twenty-nine of the 464 patients (6.3%) reviewed had brainstem AVMs. This series included sixteen males and thirteen females with a mean age of 30.7 years (range : 5-71 years). The symptoms that led to diagnoses were as follows : an altered mentality (5 patients, 17.3%), motor weakness (10 patients, 34.5%), cranial nerve symptoms (3 patients, 10.3%), headache (6 patients, 20.7%), dizziness (3 patients, 10.3%), and seizures (2 patients, 6.9%). Two patients had undergone a previous nidus resection, and three patients had undergone a previous embolization. Twenty-four patients underwent only GKRS. With respect to the nidus type and blood flow, the ratio of compact type to diffuse type and high flow to low flow were 17 : 12 and 16 : 13, respectively. In this series, 24 patients (82.8%) had a prior hemorrhage. The mean target volume was 1.7 $cm^3$ (range 0.1-11.3 $cm^3$). The mean maximal and marginal radiation doses were 38.5 Gy (range 28.6-43.6 Gy) and 23.4 Gy (range 18-27 Gy), and the mean isodose profile was 61.3% (range 50-70%). Results : Twenty-four patients had brainstem AVMs and were followed for more than 3 years. Obliteration of the AVMs was eventually documented in 17 patients (70.8%) over a mean follow-up period of 77.5 months (range 36-216 months). With respect to nidus type and blood flow, the obliteration rate of compact types (75%) was higher than that of diffuse types (66.7%), and the obliteration rate of low flow AVMs (76.9%) was higher than that of high flow AVMs (63.6%) (p<0.05). Two patients (6.9%) with three hemorrhagic events suffered a hemorrhage during the follow-up period. The annual bleeding rate of AVM after GKRS was 1.95% per year. No adverse radiation effects or delayed cystic formations were found. Conclusion : GKRS has an important clinical role in treatment of brainstem AVMs, which carry excessive surgical risks. Angiographic features and radiosurgical techniques using a lower maximal dose with higher isodose profiles are important for lesion obliteration and the avoidance of complications.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권4호
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• pp.443-452
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• 2006

다릅나무 임분의 입지 환경과 해발고에 따른 생장량을 비교하기 위해 강원도 평창군 중왕산에서 $30m{\times}30m$ 크기의 조사구 28곳을 선정해서 식생 및 입지 환경 특성을 조사했다. 또한 해발고가 약 100 m 간격으로 있는 5곳의 조사구에서 각 2그루씩 다릅나무를 선발해서 수간석해했다. 다릅나무는 주로 해발 790~1,170 m 사이의 북향의 능선 또는 사면에서 출현했다. 다릅나무의 입지는 A층 깊이가 평균 21.2 cm로 깊고, A층 수분 함량은 35.6%로 높은 편이며, 토양 비옥도가 낮은 지역이었다. 다릅나무와 함께 중요치가 높은 수종은 신감나무, 물푸레나무, 당단풍나무, 고로쇠나무, 느릅나무, 피나무, 사사나무 등이었다. 중왕산 지역의 다릅나무림은 TWINSPAN에 의해 다릅나무-사시나무 군락, 다릅나무-느릅나무 군락(이상 건조형), 다릅나무-피나무 군락, 다릅나무-쪽동백나무 군락(이상 습윤형)으로 나누어졌다. 군락유형별 ha당 개체수는 습윤형 군락이 건조형 군락보다 많았다. 한편, 다릅나무의 연간 수고 생장량은 10년까지 급격한 증가를 보이다가 점차 감소했으며, 초기 수고 생장이 빨라 초기 침입수종의 생장전략을 보여줬다. 또한 다릅나무는 수령 40년 이상에서도 주변목의 고사로 경쟁이 완화되면 재적 생장량이 크게 증가하는 특성을 보였으며, 수령 50년 이후 경제성 있게 수확할 수 있는 것으로 판단됐다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2013

최근 들어 전 세계적인 기후변화 양상에 따라 짧은 시간에 큰 유출양상을 보이는 국지적 돌발성 홍수의 발생이 증가하는 추세이며 이로 인한 인명 및 재산의 피해가 국내뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 발생하고 있다. 이와 같이 소규모 지역의 집중된 강우로 발생하는 국지적 돌발성 홍수는 빠른 수문반응으로 인하여 홍수피해를 예방하기 위한 예 경보 시간이 부족한 것이 특징이다. 국지 홍수로 인한 피해를 막기 위해서는 한계유량을 초과하여 제내지의 피해발생 가능성이 있는 홍수사상에 대한 심도예측이 중요하다. 본 논문의 목적은 소규모 유역에서 발생하는 홍수사상의 심각성 정도를 정량화할 수 있는 새로운 홍수지수(New Flood Index)를 개발하고 새로운 홍수지수와 강우특성과의 회귀분석을 통하여 국지 돌발홍수예측에 적용하고자 하였다. 2개의 시범유역들에 대한 홍수유출수문곡선은 장기간 관측된 연최대치계열 실측 강우자료를 이용하여 강우-유출 모형을 통하여 산정하였다. 새로운 홍수지수 NFI는 2년 빈도 홍수량으로 가정된 한계유량을 초과하는 홍수사상에 대하여, 첨두홍수량비, 상승부경사, 초과홍수지속시간 등 홍수 유출수문곡선의 특성을 이용한 3가지 상대심도계수의 기하학적 평균값으로산정하였다. 분석결과 3시간최대강우가 새로운 홍수지수NFI와 가장높은 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 새로운 홍수지수와 강우특성과의 회귀분석을 통해 얻어진 최적 관계식은 소규모 미계측 유역에서의 국지적 홍수 심도예측을 위한 예비정보의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Purpose - The parcel delivery service(courier) industry all over the world has been expanding its market so far, but its growth has been declining in recent years. In this situation, most parcel delivery companies are having trouble with managing themselves because of the pressure from the customer to increase service level and decrease the rate. The purpose of this study is to provide ways to improve competitive advantages of the parcel delivery service industry by evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of Korea, Japan and global service providers. Research design, data, and methodology - The data for the period of 2011 to 2014 were collected from the annual reports published by parcel delivery companies. In this study, we analyze the marketability (revenue), profitability (operating profits), and management conditions (net profits) of parcel service companies by combining information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and equity). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and equity are selected as input variables, and revenue, operating profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is used to measure the comparative efficiency and MPI (Malmquist Productivity Index) is used to analyze the trend of change of the efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - The operational efficiency scores of medium-sized parcel delivery companies in Korea are higher than other larger competitors such as Korean, Japan and Global larger companies. As of 2014, Logen(1.878) was found to be the most efficient parcel delivery enterprise, followed by KGB (1.224), and Kyoungdong(1.002). Otherwise, Hanjin(0.235), CJ(0.262), Hyundai Logistics(0.657), DHL(0.611), UPS(0.766), FedEx(0.498), TNT(0.350), Yamato(0.762) and Sagawa(0.520), larger sized companies, were done inefficiently. The productivity of parcel delivery companies is influenced by endogenous factors as well as exogenous ones such as changes in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - Korean medium-sized companies have relatively high efficiency scores in operation. That is why they still survive the competitive market in Korea where market restructuring on the industry has been expected to be conducted for many years. The reason why medium-sized couriers had higher efficient scores than larger couriers is that most of couriers spend more operating expenses versus unit price of delivery which is the amount of money that is needed in order to send a package by parcel service. So the delivery unit price must be taken into account by all the expenses associated with the cost of fuel, labor and maintenance expenses for facilities, etc. therefore, the unit price must be increased to strengthen business competitive power. In order for the industry to have more competitive advantage, the companies need to make profits by increasing demand volume and raising the delivery rate to provide high-quality delivery service to customers. And both endogenous and exogenous change must take precedence in order to strengthen their competitiveness.

• 식물병연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2013

카네이션은 세계 3대 절화용 화훼작물의 하나로, 농가 생산액 210억 원에 이르는 주요작물이다. 이들은 절화, 종자, 묘 및 삽수의 4 품목으로 수출입 되고 있다. 카네이션과 같은 영양번식성 작물의 경우, 증식하는 과정 중에 바이러스의 확산과 전파가 용이한데, 우리나라에서는 카네이션괴저바이러스(CNFV)와 카네이션둥근반점바이러스(CRSV)를 식물검역 바이러스로 지정하여 수입검사를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CNFV와 CRSV를 신속, 정밀하고 쉽게 진단할 수 있는 특이적인 프라이머를 고안하였으며, 높은 검출 감도를 가지는 nested 프라이머 조합을 개발하였다. CNFV를 검사하기 위해 최종 선발된 특이적인 프라이머는 2 세트로 288과 447 bp를, CRSV를 검사하기 위해 최종 선발된 특이적인 프라이머는 2 세트로 503과 549 bp를 증폭하였다. CNFV의 nested는 2 세트 모두 147 bp로 동일하며, CRSV는 각각 395와 347 bp의 밴드를 증폭하였다. 또한, 실험의 신뢰도를 높이기 위하여, 증폭산물에 염기서열 6개를 삽입한 플라스미드를 제작하여 양성대조구로 활용하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 방법은, 향후 CNFV와 CRSV에 대한 신속, 정밀한 국경검역을 지원할 수 있을 것이라고 기대된다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

도로의 설계 및 운영 등에 필요한 연평균 일 교통량은 365일 조사에 의한 것이 아닌 단기간 조사된 교통량을 사용하는 것으로써 이를 추정하려는 연구는 이전부터 있어왔다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구를 바탕으로 이 AADT 추정의 방법을 개선시키고자 하였다. 먼저 그룹간의 차이를 뚜렷이 보여줄 수 있는 변수를 찾기 위해 그룹의 수를 변화시켜가며 각 그룹의 시간변 동요인들(전체, 주중, 토요일, 일요일, 주중-토요일, 주중-일요일)의 값을 살펴보아 그 차이가 가장 뚜렷한 변동 요인을 주중-일요일의 시간변동 요인으로 선정하였다. 그 다음 월 변동요인만을 사용하여 상시조사지점을 clustering하였다. 그룹간의 시간변동요인의 차이를 가장 크게 하는 것을 원칙으로 군집분석을 한 결과 10개의 그룹으로 묶을 수 있었다. 선정된 주중-일요일의 시간변동 요인을 사용하여 판별분석과 신경망을 통한 그룹할당을 했다. 신경망의 적중률이 판별분석의 경우보다 훨씬 좋았고, RMSE. U-test 결과도 더 좋았다. 결과를 전체적으로 살펴보면, 본 연구에서 사용한 방법(월 변동요인만을 사용하여 군집분석 한 후, 각 그룹에서 월별로 요일변동요인을 구해 적용한 AADT 추정)의 결과가 이전 연구인 월변동과 요일변동을 이용한 AADT 추정의 결과보다 훨씬 좋았다. 그리고 그룹할당의 변수를 주중-일요일의 시간변동요인으로 달리하였을 때, 신경망의 경우 그룹할당의 적중률이 더 높아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2020

As the fastest growing office transaction volume in Korea, there's been a need for development of indicators to accurately diagnose the office capital market. The purpose of this paper is experimentally calculate to the office price index for effective benchmark indices in Seoul. The quantitative methodology used a Case-Shiller Repeat Sales Model (1991), based on actual multiple office transaction dataset with over minimum 1,653 ㎡ from Q3 1999 to 4Q 2019 in the case of 1,536 buildings within Seoul Metropolitan. In addition, the collected historical data and spatial statistical analysis tools were treated with the SAS 9.4 and ArcGIS 10.7 programs. The main empirical results of research are briefly summarized as follows; First, Seoul office price index was estimated to be 344.3 point (2001.1Q=100.0P) at the end of 2019, and has more than tripled over the past two decades. it means that the sales price of office per 3.3 ㎡ has consistently risen more than 12% every year since 2000, which is far above the indices for apartment housing index, announced by the MOLIT (2009). Second, between quarterly and annual office price index for the two-step estimation of the MIT Real Estate Research Center (MIT/CRE), T, L, AL variables have statistically significant coefficient (Beta) all of the mode l (p<0.01). Third, it was possible to produce a more stable office price index against the basic index by using the Moore-Penrose's pseoudo inverse technique at low transaction frequency. Fourth, as an lagging indicators, the office price index is closely related to key macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP(+), KOSPI(+), interest rates (5-year KTB, -). This facts indicate that long-term office investment tends to outperform other financial assets owing to high return and low risk pattern. In conclusion, these findings are practically meaningful to presenting an new office price index that increases accuracy and then attempting to preliminary applications for the case of Seoul. Moreover, it can provide sincerely useful benchmark about investing an office and predicting changes of the sales price among market participants (e.g. policy maker, investor, landlord, tenant, user) in the future.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-254
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• 2013

The nutria(Myocastor coypus) that is originated from South America is a representative Invasive alien species in Korea. invasive alien species is one of the biggest causes for the loss of biodiversity and it may threaten the conservation and function of ecology as well as the welfare of mankind. Intense habitation has been made around the Nakdong River basin area that this study has analyzed the habitat density of nutria for the subject of 3 survey sites in the Nakdong River basin area. As a result of survey on habitation density in 2011 and 2012, under St.1 it was shown $2.01{\pm}0.21$/ha in 2011 and $0.69{\pm}0.55$/ha in 2012. Under St.2, it was shown $0.91{\pm}0.37$/ha in 2011 and $0.55{\pm}0.39$/ha in 2012. Under St.3, it was shown $5.31{\pm}0.72$/ha in 2011 and $3.99{\pm}2.31$/ha in 2012. The wet survey areas of St.1 and St.3 had shown relatively high habitation density compared to St. 2, the river survey area, and the average annual habitation density of the survey area was $2.74{\pm}2.29$/ha in 2011 and $1.74{\pm}1.18$/ha in 2012 that it has shown slightly reducing trend. As a result of measuring the morphology by capturing the habitation individuals, the average body length of adults is $92.23{\pm}9.41cm$, the length from the head to body for $53.90{\pm}5.15cm$, tail length for $38.33{\pm}4.83cm$, hind foot length for $13.82{\pm}1.00cm$, front foot length for $6.02{\pm}0.56cm$, and weight for $5.48{\pm}1.08kg$. As a result of comparing the types between genders, male showed a slightly higher figure in all parts compared to female and it showed significantly difference in total body length, head-body length, front foot length and total weight. As a result of analysis for each head-body length, other measured parts, weight and relativity for each measured part, all bodily part is shown to have the higher volume of correlations. The condition index of individuals in the survey area was shown in the average of $35.67{\pm}4.78$ with female for an average of $36.60{\pm}5.19$ and male for an average of $34.73{\pm}4.34$. The winter temperature in the southern area of Korea is considered for not greatly impacting on the habitation and development of nutria that, if there is no artificial control, it is considered to have certain concern of showing drastic breeding and territory expansion for the habitation group.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2005

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is the major mariculture fish in Korea. The annual aquaculture production of olive flounder in Korea during the period of 2003 was 300,000 ton (2002 Statistics, Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries, Korea Government). Anesthetics is very necessary in aquaculture to minimize stress and damage during harvesting, grading, transportation, spawning induction and handling to fish. In the present study, isoeugenol as new anesthetic in marine fish, especially olive flounder, was examined to know the efficacy and proper concentration. As a result, olive flounder adult was exhibited sedation at 5 ppm at 10 and $15^{\circ}C$, and 7.5 ppm at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Anesthesia was required at least 10, 7.5 and 10 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$ and at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. In case of fry, the effect of sedation was observed from 2.5 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$ and 5 ppm at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Anesthesia was observed from 2.5 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$, 5 ppm at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. In acute toxicity test, it was impossible to explore $LD_{50}$ with the concentration of isoeugenol adult at $15^{\circ}C$ used, but over immersion volume of 15 ppm at $15^{\circ}C$ was observed mortality in fry. Based on the present study, isoeugenol was identified as a safe and active anesthetic to olive flounder.