• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.197-201
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• 2000

For building acoustics, the revision and establishment of ISO JIS were carried out actively in the direction of international harmonization recently. In this consideration, the trends of the ISO and JIS were reviewed and the establishment process of KS was introduced. As a result of this consideration, it is thought to be that 'International Harmonization' should be a base for KS and the speciality of domestic characteristics should be attached to annex.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.12-13
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• 2019

The bearing capacity of the wall against the eccentric load when the washbasin was attached on the ALC block wall was tested. Test methods are BS EN 14688 and BS 5234-2. Tests in accordance with BS EN 14688 showed that the holding capacity of steel was much stronger and more stable when HA-II (chemical anchor) was used than when the washbasin was fixed using HA-I (plastic anchor). As an experimental result according to the Annex K of BS 5234-2, the bearing capacity of ALC block wall corresponded to the "stage in which the force works(performance grade) 1,500N" for all of the cases where a washbasin is fixed using two types of the wall's dedicated anchors(HA-I and HA-II).

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2013년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.103-104
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• 2013

As a result of experimenting 6 loading combustibles in domestic residential facilities by using Furniture Calorimeter, values of 2,391.26kW were appeared from sofas, 1,891.80kW from drawers, 1,778.95kW from mattress, 1,104kW from chairs, 291kW from tables, and 135.09kW from TV. Also, if applying α value of fire growing rate by classifying fire- growing speeds at NFPA 72 (National Fire Alarm Code 2007, Annex B), mattress can be defined as Ultra-Fast, sofa and drawers Fast, TV Slow, tables Slow, and chairs Medium.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the unique characteristics of the vernacular house of Ulleung-Do(island), which shows a different residential culture from the main land. For this purpose, this study examined the characteristics of the location, spatial arrangement, and floor-plan of the house and also tried to understand how these basic elements were changed and why these changes were occurred. The result of this study is as follows: First, the house was located on the mountain area and was oriented toward the various bearings. Second, the house usually did not have annexes and most residential space was installed on a main building. Third, the floor-plan of the house was developed from a basic two-Kan (with single row) house type in a early settlement period to three-Kan, four-Kan, and five-Kan house types in later periods. While the development of house type proceeded. the main building was functioned as a complex space for both residential and storage purposes. Some houses were gradually developed into a middle and upper-class house shape by installing annexes. The change of the floor-plan and the house size was the result of self-sustained living culture influenced by the natural environment of the island and of changes of residential conditions as well.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.281-304
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• 2022

흥덕전은 경운궁의 확장 과정에서 궁역으로 편입된 수어청 부지에 최초로 지어진 전각이었다. 본 연구에서는 어진 모사처, 임시 봉안처, 빈전 등 다양한 용도로 사용되었던 흥덕전의 구체적인 조영 과정을 밝히는 한편, 흥덕전의 사용 연혁을 구체적으로 조사하고 설행된 의례를 분석하여 도출한 특징을 토대로 흥덕전의 역사적 가치를 확인하고자 하였다. 흥덕전은 1899년 하반기에 건립되기 시작되어, 1900년 2월 중순에서 3월 중순 사이에 완공된 것으로 추정된다. 흥덕전은 부속 전각으로 어재실과 내재실을 갖춘 의례시설이었다. 흥덕전의 이건은 1901년 4월에 계획되어 6월 이후에 본격적으로 진행되었는데, 이건 공사는 선원전 부속 전각의 공사 및 선원전 중건의 추가 공사와 밀접하게 연계되어 진행되었다. 또, 흥덕전의 영건 역비와 이건비의 기록, 선원전 중건 관련 비용 내역을 비교 검토한 결과, 흥덕전의 부속 전각인 어재실과 내재실이 선원전의 어재실과 이안청으로 이건되어 사용되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 흥덕전은 1900년 초 영건되자마자 두 차례에 걸쳐 어진 모사처로 사용되었는데, 그 과정에서 확인되는 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫 번째는 짧은 시간 동안 두 차례의 어진 모사처로 사용되었다는 것이다. 두 번째는 조선 및 대한제국 시기의 어진 모사와 관련하여 선례가 없는 최초의 작업들이 진행된 장소였다는 점이다. 세 번째는 황실 의례를 위하여 별도로 건립된 전각을 어진 모사처로 사용하였다는 점이다. 이후 흥덕전은 빈전으로 사용되었는데, 이전 시기의 빈전과는 다른 특징이 확인된다. 흥덕전은 빈전으로 사용될 수 있도록 미리 준비된 의례용 전용 전각이었으며, 어진 모사처로도 사용된 다목적의 의례용 전각이었다. 즉, 흥덕전은 경복궁 태원전과 함께 조선 후기 빈전 운영의 변화를 잘 보여주는 전각인 것이다. 흥덕전에서 설행된 어진 관련 의례에서도 주목되는 특징이 확인된다. 첫 번째는 짧은 기간 동안 다수의 작헌례가 설행되었다는 점이다. 두 번째는 주로 지방의 진전에서 거행되는 속절제와 삭망일의 분향이 확인되었다는 점으로, 이는 궁궐 내 진전에서는 매우 드문 사례이다. 마지막은 전배 및 전알, 봉심이 다수 시행되었다는 점이다. 즉, 흥덕전은 황실 의례를 매우 중시하였던 고종의 의도와 경운궁 중건 과정의 특징을 대표적으로 보여주는 매우 상징적인 전각이라 할 수 있다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2014

It is identified that an initial person who built of 'Seoul Gyedong Modernized Hanok(former Min Hyeong-gi house)' used as 'Bukchon Culture Center' in present, was not Min Hyeong-gi, but his wife, Yu Jin-gyeong, and she built it when 8 years went on after his death(1879~1973), and the construction year was at the gate of Chuseok in 1921. Yu Jin-gyeong was Head Family's Eldest Daughter-in-law in family of Yeo Heung-min who was an influential person at the late Joseon Dynasty and was widow who had only son for 3 generations. And she built this house and moved to gain daughter and live futher grandchilds together in law in new nest. It is arranged that an annex surrounds with main building as the central figure. And this house emulates Yeonkeong-dang in backyard of the Changdeok Palace for 'preservation of main building' and Chim-bang-ga-toe applied on a bedroom in a palace is applied around nobleman family's the main room. It is rare case and expresses that a palace factor is borrowed. Yu Jin-gyeong's house is that a tradition Hanok is adjusted closely in city and central and basing mode as 'protective bedding' and building concept as 'a noble and protective architecture' is realized. So it has a character that development of Hangrang architecture is appeared and Head Family's Eldest Daughter-in-law widow of modern upper class had a special benefit. As well as, a meaning that it is experimental house based on tradition and is build of Hanok with housekeeping as the central figure for appear a form which has minimal Hangrang for housekeeping in yangban family of modern city, can be found.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2016

This study is intended to set a greenhouse gas emission scenario based on green remodeling pilot project (Annex building of Seoul Customs Office) using LEAP model, a long-term energy plan analysis model, to calculate the energy saving and greenhouse gas emission till year 2035 as well as to analyze the effect of electric power saving cost. Total 4 scenarios were made, Baseline scenario, assuming the past trend is to be maintained in the future, green remodeling scenario, reflecting actual green remodeling project of Seoul Customs Office, behavior improvement and renewable energy supply, and Total scenario. According to the analysis result, the energy demand in 2035 of Baseline scenario was 6.1% decreased from base year 2013, that of green remodeling scenario was 17.5%, that of behavior improvement and renewable energy supply scenario was 21.1% and that of total scenario was 27.3%. The greenhouse emission of base year 2013 was $878.2tCO_2eq$, and it was expected $826.3tCO_2eq$, approx. 5.9% reduced, in 2035 by Baseline scenario. the cumulative greenhouse gas emission saving of the analyzing period were $-26.5tCO_2eq$ by green remodeling scenario, $2.8k\;tCO_2eq$ by behavior improvement and renewable energy supply scenario, and $2.0k\;tCO_2eq$ by total scenario. In addition the effect of electricity saving cost through energy saving has been estimated, and it was approx. 634 million won by green remodeling scenario and appro. 726 million won by behavior improvement and renewable energy supply scenario. So it is analyzed that of behavior improvement and renewable energy supply scenario would be approx. 12.7% higher than that of green remodeling scenario.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the plan type of excavation remains during the Mid to Late Joseon period around Jong-ro area in Seoul. 523 building remains were selected in accordance with plan type could identified through the excavation investigation report. Among these, 276 building remains were verified to the $15-16^{th}$, 145 and 102 building were verified to the 17-18th and the $19^{th}$ century. By classifying excavation remains, four dominant plan type of the each century came out. First, -shape was the most common plan type took nearly 50 percent. In a considerable proportion of cases, this plan type seems an annex of main building. However, -shape plan type also seemed to be used for main building in some cases. ㄱ and ㄷshape plan type took the second and the third. In most cases, these types seemed typical plan used for a main housing building. For the last, ㅁshape plan type identified the most unusual. This plan type merely took under five percent but, these cases are meaningful because it shows the plan alteration from ㄷshape to ㅁshape plan type. Existence proportion between each plan types of the $15-16^{th}$ century were continued to the $18-19^{th}$century without small changes between -and ㄱ types in $17-18^h$ century. By examining selected excavation remains, installing front Toi space on ㄱ, ㄷ and ㅁshape plan type stand out clearly compared with -shape plan type. From this tendency, it could be considered that plan type became a significant factor influenced installing Toi space. Similar to periodical tendency of plan type was not changed dramatically, the rate of installing Toi space in the $15-16^{th}$ century was not changed much until the $18-19^{th}$ century. It also shows the close relation between plan type and installing Toi space. In some excavation remains, floor type in the $15-16^{th}$ century also verified. There are some points of similarities on installing typical location of On-dol, Ma-ru and Bu-eok in these excavation remains with later period housing type such as Ut-Bang-Gguk-Oem-Jib and Ddeul-Jib.

• Strategy21
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• 통권40호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2016

On 12 July 2016, China's maritime claim to most of the South China Sea (SCS) based on the so-called nine-dash line was rejected by the Arbitral Tribunal, constituted under Annex VII to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) concerning issues in the South China Sea including the legality of the so-called "nine-dashed line", the status of certain maritime features and their corresponding maritime entitlements, together with the lawfulness of certain actions by China which the Philppines, in a case brought in 2013, alleged were violations. As having the Tribunal determined that China's claim had no legal grounds in UNCLOS, thus undermining China's claims, and establishing that China has no exclusive legal rights to control the area roughly the size of India. There are some major implications from the Tribunal's ruling in the Arbitration award. These include implications on: how to delimit the maritime boundary in disputed waters, how to promote maritime confidence-building measures, how to safeguard maritime safety and security, and how to promote the rule of law in the SCS. Since its application of UNCLOS in East Asia, it has been obvious that the only way to resolve maritime disputes in the region is to build strong maritime cooperative partnerships under the auspices of the rule of law.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2018

Malaysia and Singapore have adopted Eurocode 8 (EC8) for the seismic design of building structures. The authors studied the seismic hazard modelling of the region surrounding Malaysia and Singapore for a long time and have been key contributors to the drafting of the Malaysia National Annex (NA). The purpose of this paper is to explain the principles underlying the derivation of the elastic response spectrum model for Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah). The current EC8 NA for Singapore is primarily intended to address the distant hazards from Sumatra and is not intended to provide coverage for potential local intraplate hazards. Hence, this paper recommends a reconciled elastic response spectrum for Singapore, aiming to achieve a more robust level of safety. The topics covered include the modelling of distant interplate earthquakes generated offshore and local earthquakes in an intraplate tectonic setting, decisions on zoning, modelling of earthquake recurrences, ground motion and response spectrum. Alternative expression for response spectrum on rock, strictly based on the rigid framework of EC8 is discussed.