• 제목/요약/키워드: Anion gap

검색결과 40건 처리시간 0.029초

혈청 Anion gap의 새로운 범위에 관한 연구 (A New Reference Range of Serum Anion Gap)

  • 신영주;전혜원;최병민;유기환;홍영숙;이주원;김순겸
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.9-13
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    • 1998
  • 목적 : 혈청전해질 분석기의 종류에 따라 anion gap(이하 AG)의 새로운 참고치가 외국에서 발표되고 있으며, 현재 사용되고 있는 참고치보다 낮게 측정된 연구가 보고되고 있다. 따라서 저자들은 현재 사용되고 있는 분석기에 따른 새로운 AG의 참고치가 필요하였기에 연구를 시행하게 되었다. 방법 : 1997년 3월부터 1997년 7월까지 본원 소아과에 입원한 환아와 이비인후과 수술을 받기 위해 수술전 검사를 시행한 환자중 정상 혈청 알부민과 크레아티닌 수치를 가진 환자 395명을 대상으로 하였다. Na, Cl은 Hitachi 747 analyzer를 이용하여 측정하였고, $TCO_2$는 CX-3 analyzer를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과 : AG은 한달이내, $11.2{\pm}3.2$ mEq/L; 한달${\sim}1$세미만, $11.8{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L; 1세${\sim}5$세미만, $12{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L; 5세${\sim}10$세미만, $11.7{\pm}3.2$ mEq/L; 10세${\sim}20$세미만, $9.6{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L ; 20세${\sim}60$세, $9.0{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L이며, 10세 이상에서 AG이 현재 사용되고 있는 참고치보다 낮게 측정되었으나 10세미만 그룹에서는 차이점이 업었다. 결론 : 각 병원마다 사용중인 분석기에 따라서 나이별로 AG의 새로운 정상 범위가 결정되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

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에틸렌 글리콜 중독 2례 (Two Cases of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning)

  • 김재진;윤성현;정현민;김지혜;한승백;김준식;백진휘
    • 대한임상독성학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.36-40
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    • 2013
  • Ethylene glycol poisoning is treated mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition therapy and hemodialysis. Early recognition and initiation of treatment is important because toxic metabolites increase over time by hepatic metabolism; however, there is no confirmative diagnostic tool in our clinical setting. Therefore, diagnosis is dependent on history, high anion gap acidosis, high osmolal gap, etc.. Diagnosis and treatment are delayed in cases where history taking is not possible, such as a mental changed patient. Authors report on two cases of ethylene glycol poisoning by contrasting clinical outcomes, demonstrating the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for achievement of a good outcome.

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Mg2SiO4/Glass Composite계 세라믹스를 이용한 음이온 발생용 후막형 클러스터 (Thick Film Type duster in Mg2SiO4/Glass composite ceramics for Anion Generation)

  • 여동훈;신효순;홍연우
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.118-123
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    • 2010
  • The eco-friendly technologies have been extended as matter of international concern due to various diseases and syndromes according to an environmental pollution. In this study, we have manufactured a ceramic cluster with thick film type for anion generation equipment which is maximized anion but minimized ozone contents generated. To develop the formulation of ceramic cluster, we conducted the $Mg_2SiO_4$ powders doped with 10 vol% glass frits as Na-Zn-B-O system and sintered at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours in air for starting materials and investigated the matching properties between the Ag-Pd electrode and the starting materials. The sintered sample for the composition of cluster has 6.7 of dielectric constant and 32 kV/mm of withstand voltage. The yield of anions was measured according to an electrode pattering, discharge gap between electrode, and thickness of electrode protective layer in the cluster of thick film type. We have manufactured the ceramic clusters with optimized thick film structure that have an anion over a hundred particles and the ozone of 0.6 ppb generated.

Relationship between the values of blood parameters and physical status in Korean native calves with diarrhea

  • Lee, Sung-Hwan;Choi, Eun Wha;Kim, Doo
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.17.1-17.11
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    • 2020
  • Dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and acid-base imbalance are the most significant consequences of diarrhea in calves. We aimed to determine blood gas, hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical values and investigate the relationship between the physical status and blood parameters in Korean native calves (KNCs) with diarrhea. One hundred eighty KNCs with diarrhea (age < 75 days) were investigated. Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein and analyzed using a portable clinical blood gas analyzer. The measured parameters were statistically compared according to the status of physical activity, dehydration, or prognosis. The mean values of parameters in the Calves with diarrhea showed metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia. The mean values of potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were in the upper limit of their reference ranges. More than 75% of the calves had metabolic acidosis caused by bicarbonate loss, and 63.6% had high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values. Moreover, BUN showed the highest correlation with the physical activity status and dehydration. pH, base excess of the extracellular fluid (BE), anion gap, potassium, hematocrit, bicarbonate, and hemoglobin were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration (p < 0.001). BUN, pH, BE, and anion gap were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration. These correlations between clinical symptoms and blood gas parameters can be clinically relevant in predicting the status of parameters according to clinical symptoms.

급성 위장염 환아에서 bicarbonate gap의 임상적 의의 (Clinical Significance of Bicarbonate Gap in Pediatric Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis)

  • 박규희;정성관;임형은;유기환;홍영숙;이주원
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.235-241
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    • 2009
  • 목적 : 소아기의 급성 위장염은 소화장관액의 수분, 전해질 및 산-염기물질의 체외 상실로 인하여 산-염기 대사의 장애를 초래한다. 중탄산염차이(bicarbonate gap, 이하 BG)는 델타음이온차이(delta anion gap, 이하 ${\Delta}AG$)와 델타중탄산염차이(delta bicarbonate, 이하 ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$) 의 차이로 정의되며 혼합 산-염기 대사의 장애의 정도를 평가하는데 유용한 지표가 된다. 본 연구에서는 BG에 따른 임상 양상을 비교하였다. 방법 : 2007년 9월 1일부터 2008년 4월 31일까지 구로 고려대학교 의료원에 급성 위장염으로 입원한 135명을 대상으로 후향적으로 의무기록은 검토하였다. 대상 환아들을 BG이 -5 미만이거나 5 초과인 A군과 -5 이상이고 5 이하인 B군으로 나누어 입원기간, 열, 구토, 설사 등의 임상양상과 나트륨, 칼륨, 염소, 알부민, 단백질, 혈액요서질소(blood urea nitrogen, 이하 BUN), 크레아티닌, 혈청 내 이산화탄소, 음이온차이, ${\Delta}AG$${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$ 등의 검사 결과를 비교하였다. 결과 : BG이 -5미만인 A군은 66명, BG이 -5이상인 군인 B 군은 69명이었다. 입원기간은 A군에서 $5.3{\pm}2.1$일, B 군에서 $4.7{\pm}1.6$일로 A군에서 유의하게 길었으며 입원 전 설사 기간은 A군에서 $3.13{\pm}1.7$일, B군에서 $2.3{\pm}1.7$일로 A군에서 더 길었으며 총 설시사간은 A군에서 $4.2{\pm}2.8$일, B군에서 $3.3{\pm}2.5$일로 A군에서 유의하게 길었다(P<0.05). 혈청 내 나트륨, 이산화탄소, 단백질, AG, ${\Delta}AG$은 A군이 B군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였으며 혈청 내 염소, ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$는 A군이 B군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 발열, 구토 기간과 칼륨, 혈액요소질소, 크레아티닌, 알부민 AG과 $HCO_3$ radio의 검사 결과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 급성 위장염을 보이는 환아들 중에서 BG이 -5 미만인 A군에서는 입원기간과 입원 전 설사 시간, 총 설사기간이 더 길어 임상경과가 좋지 않음을 보여주고 있으며 검사 결과 또한 혈청 내 나트륨, 총 이산화탄소, 단백질 AG, ${\Delta}AG$, 혈청 내 염소, ${\Delta}HCO_3{^-}$는 BG 범위에 따라 유의한 차이를 보이고 있어 소아기 급성 위장염에서 BG은 임상 경과의 예측 및 치료의 적절성을 평가하는데 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

A Pediatric Case of Long-term Untreated Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis

  • Kedsatha, Philavanh;Shin, Hee Young;Choi, Yong;Cheong, Hae Il;Cho, Tae-Joon;Yi, Eunsang;Maisai, Mayfong
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.115-119
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    • 2020
  • Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a rare renal tubular disorder characterized by normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and high urine pH. It can be inherited or acquired. In untreated pediatric patients with dRTA, rickets and growth retardation are common. We report the case of a 12-year-old Lao girl who presented with typical clinical features of dRTA with severe bone deformities that developed after a bed-ridden state due to a bicycle accident at the age of 8 years. Initial laboratory tests revealed metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, hypokalemia, and alkali urine. Renal ultrasonography revealed bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis. Whole exome sequencing revealed no pathogenic mutations. After treatment with oral alkali, potassium, and vitamin D, she could walk and run. Later, she underwent corrective orthopedic surgeries for bony deformities. Thus, in pediatric dRTA patients, despite severe symptoms remaining untreated, accurate diagnosis and proper management can improve quality of life.

독성 알코올 중독 환자에 대한 고찰 (Clinical Review of Toxic Alcohol Poisoning Cases in Korea)

  • 이누가;정성필;박인철;이경룡;김현진;김건배;조영순;권인호;김승환
    • 대한임상독성학회지
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: Toxic alcohols are responsible for accidental and suicide motivated poisonings, resulting in death or permanent sequelae for the afflicted patients. Major therapeutic modalities in these cases include treatment with alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors and extracorporeal elimination. There have been a number of case reports of toxic alcohol intoxication in Korea. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical characteristics of patients suffering toxic alcohol intoxication. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who presented with toxic alcohol intoxication at 8 emergency departments (ED) from Jun 2005 to Nov 2011. Patients who ingested methanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and other alcohols except ethanol, were included in this study. The clinical characteristics of these patients were analyzed to include anion and osmolar gap, and estimated concentration of alcohol in the body. Results: During the study period, 21 patients were identified who had ingested toxic alcohol (methanol; 12 patients, ethylene glycol; 9 patients). At ED arrival, the mean anion gap was $18.7{\pm}6.9$ and the osmolar gap was elevated in 13 patients. Oral and IV ethanol were administrated to 11 patients in order to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase. Extracorporeal elimination procedures such as hemodialysis were performed in 9 patients. There were no fatalities, but the one patient suffered permanent blindness. Conclusion: This study found that ethylene glycol and methanol were the substances ingested which produced toxic alcohol intoxication. The patients presented with high anion gap metabolic acidosis and were typically treated with oral ethanol and hemodialysis.

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Ethylene glycol 중독견의 임상병리학적 소견 (Clinico-pathological findings of experimental ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs)

  • 성은주;이현범
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.883-897
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    • 1997
  • Present study was undertaken in order to find out the most significant laboratory test for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs. Seven dogs weighing from 5.0kg to 19.3kg were administered orally 6ml or l0ml of ethylene glycol per kilogram of body weight. In addition to clinical observations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein on 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours or until death after the adminisration and examined for the hematological, blood chemical, venous blood gas and electrolyte changes. Urine samples were simultaneously taken and examined for pH, protein, glucose and calcium oxalate crystals in the sediments. The results were as follows : 1. All dogs showed marked hypothermia in addition to the characteristic signs of ethylene glycol poisoning until death. 2. No significant hematological changes were observable after the administration of ethylene glycol except the secondary dehydration and stress leukogram. 3. Chemical values related to the liver function(serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum total bilirubin) showed no significant changes during the experimental period in all dogs. 4. Chemical values related to the renal function(BUN and creatinine) showed significant(p<0.0l, p<0.001) increase from 24 hours to death in all dogs. 5. All dogs showed significant(p<0.01, p<0.001) decrease in blood pH from 3 hours to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 6. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) increaes in anion gap from 1 hour to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 7. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01) decrease in urine pH from 1 hour to 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol. 8. Characteristic envelope form of calcium oxalate crystals were found in the urinary sediment from 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol in all dogs. 9. Histologically calcium oxalate crystals were found in the renal rubles in all dogs. 10. From these results, it may be concluded that the examinations of urinary sediments for the calcium oxalate crystals, blood or urinary pH and blood anion gap are most reliable tests for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs.

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중증 급성 중독 환자에서 급성 신장 손상과 병원 내 사망률을 예측하기 위한 강이온차(Strong Ion Gap)의 중요성 (The Significance of the Strong Ion Gap in Predicting Acute Kidney Injury and In-hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Poisoning)

  • 심태진;조재완;이미진;정해원;박정배;서강석
    • 대한임상독성학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.72-82
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: A high anion gap (AG) is known to be a significant risk factor for serious acid-base imbalances and death in acute poisoning cases. The strong ion difference (SID), or strong ion gap (SIG), has recently been used to predict in-hospital mortality or acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This study presents a comprehensive acid-base analysis in order to identify the predictive value of the SIG for disease severity in severe poisoning. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on acute poisoning patients treated in the emergency intensive care unit (ICU) between December 2015 and November 2020. Initial serum electrolytes, base deficit (BD), AG, SIG, and laboratory parameters were concurrently measured upon hospital arrival and were subsequently used along with Stewart's approach to acid-base analysis to predict AKI development and in-hospital death. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and logistic regression analysis were used as statistical tests. Results: Overall, 343 patients who were treated in the intensive care unit were enrolled. The initial levels of lactate, AG, and BD were significantly higher in the AKI group (n=62). Both effective SID [SIDe] (20.3 vs. 26.4 mEq/L, p<0.001) and SIG (20.2 vs. 16.5 mEq/L, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the AKI group; however, the AUC of serum SIDe was 0.842 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.799-0.879). Serum SIDe had a higher predictive capacity for AKI than initial creatinine (AUC=0.796, 95% CI=0.749-0.837), BD (AUC=0.761, 95% CI=0.712-0.805), and AG (AUC=0.660, 95% CI=0.607-0.711). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that diabetes, lactic acidosis, high SIG, and low SIDe were significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Initial SIDe and SIG were identified as useful predictors of AKI and in-hospital mortality in intoxicated patients who were critically ill. Further research is necessary to evaluate the physiological nature of the toxicant or unmeasured anions in such patients.

Anion co-doped Titania for Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes

  • Lee, Young-Seak;Kim, Sang-Jin;Venkateswaran, P.;Jang, Jeen-Seok;Kim, Hyuk;Kim, Jong-Gyu
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.131-136
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    • 2008
  • In order to investigate the effect of doping C, N, B and F elements on $TiO_2$ for reducing the band gap, the heat treatment of $TiO_2$ was carried out with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate. Through XRD and XPS analysis, the C, N, B and F doped anatase $TiO_2$ was confirmed. According to the increase of temperature during treatment, the particle size was increased due to aggregation of $TiO_2$ with elements (B, C, N and F). To investigate the capacity of photocatalyst for degradation of dye under solar light, the degradation of acridine orange and methylene blue was conducted. The degradation of dyes was carried out successfully under solar light indicating the effect of doping elements (B, C, N and F) on $TiO_2$ for reducing the band gap effectively.