• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1088-1094
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• 1997

One hundred twenty healthy college students and housewives from urban middle income household were investigated in terms of food consumption patterns, nutrient intake and dietary fiber intake. Total food intake was slightly lower in college students(1059.9g/d) than in housewives(1160.g/d) . However, the ration of animal food to total food was considerably higher in college students(23.7%) than in housewives(16.8%). College students tended to consume more dairly products, meat & products, and cereals & grain products but less vegetables , fruits, fish and shellfish than housewives. Although nutrient intake was not much different (except for total calories, fats, and ascorbic acid), dietary fiber intake was slightly and significantly lower in college students(14.9g/d, 8.3g/1000kcal) than in housewives(16.9g/d, 103g/1000kcal) . That is partially due to college students irregular food habits and the change in their meal patterns from traditional to western diets. There was a significantly positive correlation between dietary fiber intake and thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and crude fiber intake.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

Biodiesel produced from triglyceride which is main component of animal fats and vegetable oils by methanolysis was known for excellent lubricity. In this study, the lubricity of 12 kinds of biodiesel come from vegetable oils were analyzed using HFRR(High frequency reciprocating rig). The biodiesel synthesized from soybean oil has best lubricity by $153{\mu}m$ of wear scar in HFRR and used fried oil's biodiesel has slightly low lubricity by $299{\mu}m$. Also we have found that the lubricity of diesel was improved when mixing ratio of soybean biodiesel was increased in base diesel.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.462-469
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• 1999

The study purpose was to investigate pattern of dining-out and effects of obesity on the dietary attitude of the 213 male employees with high educational background. The results are as follows : Subjects were 20's bachelor and unmarried mostly. Mean height weight BMI and fat(%) were 172.1cm 70.5kg 23.8 and 21.3% respectively. The most frequency for dining-out was 3∼4 times/week Younger unmarried subjects had more dining-out. The most common meal for dining-out was dinner there being no connection with age, education level marrige and income. The most favorite food style among the subjects was Korean-style. Obese subjects answered that the took more consideration into nutritional balance regularity and proper amount of diet. Also they showed more food-intake especially animal protein and fats. all subjects had scores in dietary attitude there being no connection with obesity. Despite of high education they showed poor dietary attitude. Thus it is necessary to develop the nutritional education program for proper nutritional status of employees.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2008

현재 화석연료사용의 급증으로 인한 지구온난화와 자원고갈의 문제가 전세계적으로 크게 대두되어지고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 세계적으로 재생 가능한 에너지로서 바이오매스의 개발에 관심을 기울이고 있다. 바이오디젤은 식물성유지 또는 동물성지방으로부터 전이에스테르화반응을 통해 생산되는 친환경적인 연료로 기존의 석유디젤을 대체할 수 있는 연료로 관심을 받고 있다. 본 총설에서는 현재 연구되어지고 있는 다양한 바이오디젤의 생산방법에 대해 살펴보았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.551-562
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• 2020

Beef fat was replaced with cold press pumpkin seed oil (PSO; 0%, 5%, 15%, and 20%) in the production of bologna-type sausages. A value of pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), jelly-fat separation, emulsion stability and viscosity values were determined in meat batters. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), color, and textural characteristics (TPA, shear test, penetration test) were determined in end-product at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage at 4℃. The pH values were varied between 6.06 and 6.08. With the increase in the level of PSO in meat batters, there was a significant increase in WHC, jelly-fat separation and viscosity values (p<0.05) while a significant decrease in emulsion stability (p<0.05). TBARS values of sausages were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05), and this trend continued during storage. Increasing of PSO level were caused a significant increase in L* and b* values while a decrease in a* value (p<0.05). Hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness values were significantly reduced whereas cohesiveness and resilience values increased (p<0.05). Maximum shear force and work of shear was significantly decreased as the level of PSO increased (p<0.05). Hardness, work of penetration and the resistance during the withdrawal of the probe values (penetration tests) increased significantly with the increase in the level of PSO (p<0.05). These results indicate that PSO has potential to be use as a replacement of animal-based fats in the production of bologna-type sausages.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.185-200
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• 1995

In this survey, we investigated the way of thinking about meal management of housewives including the sincerity to meal preparation, the eating practices and cronic degenerative diseases related dietary behaviors, and studied the effects of above factors on the real food intakes. We also investigated the trends of health-foods and nutrient supplements usage. The results obtained from 506 housewives in Seoul were summarized as follows. Although our subjects prepared their meals habitually without special concern, they did not prefer the use of convenient foods. The food prefrence of housewivess who had more child and refered higher life status was similar with other family members. The dietary attitudes were good in large family, the higher income and the more child group. The highly educated group skipped breakfast more frequently. The mealmanagers with better education career and good living status considered for the restriction of salty foods, sweet foods, animal fats and pungent foods, and for the nutritionally balanced diet. The high income group showed great concerns about weight gain at meal times. The nutritional qualities expressed by the frequency of food group intakes were high in the better educated and living status groups, and their eating frequencies of animal protein foods and calcium sources were significantly high. Mealmanagers who had no job intaked vegetable oils through frying foods frequently. The use of health-foods and nutrient supplements was influenced by age, educational and economic level and self-estimated living status, but the trends in prevalence of both were not consistent. Health-foods were prefered by the groups of high educational career, affluent income and advanced living status, and low educational career, low income and low living status groups favored the nutrient supplements. The restrictive intake of animal fat and the use of health-food were positively correlated, which seemed that the subjects used health-foods as supplements in compensation for nutritional unbalance caused by the avoidance of animal protein foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.366-374
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of feeding ethanol on growth performances, carcass characteristics, and lipid metabolism of finishing Korean cattle (Hanwoo) steers. Methods: Thirty (30) Hanwoo steers (average 25.1 months of age, body weight 660.1 kg) were assigned to three treatments: control (0% ethanol), E-3 (1.44% ethanol for 3 months), or E-5 (0.72% ethanol for 2 months followed by 1.44% ethanol for 3 months). The animals were allotted by treatment group into six pens and fed concentrate and perennial ryegrass. Ethanol (30%, v/v) was supplemented into drinking water twice a day to meet final concentrations based on average water consumption of finishing Hanwoo steers. Results: There were no statistical differences among the groups in final body weight, average daily gain, or carcass yield grade indices such as cold carcass weight, fat thickness, and loin area. The marbling score tended (p = 0.228) to increase with the highest score (6.7) in the E-5 group followed by 6.3 and 6.0 in E-3 and control groups, respectively. The appearance frequencies of quality grades of $1^{{+}{+}}$ (the best), $1^{+}$, 1, and 2, were; 30%, 50%, 0%, and 20% for control, 10%, 80%, 10%, and 0% for E-3, and 10%, 80%, 0%, and 10% for E-5 groups, respectively, indicating improvements of quality grades by feeding ethanol. Concentrations of serum glucose tended to decrease whereas those of insulin and non-esterified fatty acid to increase by feeding ethanol (E-3 and E-5; p>0.05). Conclusion: Feeding ethanol directly into drinking water of finishing Hanwoo steers stimulated lipogenesis in intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) and thereby improved carcass quality grade. The serum metabolites results supported the hypothesis of lipolysis of existing adipose tissue, such as abdominal fats, and lipogenesis in intramuscular adipocytes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.286-298
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• 1997

This study was aimed at examining the pattern of dietary fat intake of 120 university female students living in Kongju city in order to provide baseic data for establishing the dietary grideline of desirable fat intake. The subjects were divided into three groups according to living arrangenment ; family home(FH), or dormitory(DM), or self-boarding house(SB). Fat consumption of subjects was surveyed by two-day food records, and profiles of fatty acid and cholesterol taken were calculated based upon the data reported their contents of foods. The result was that mean daily fat intake was 42$\pm$2g for FH, 48$\pm$4g for DM and 41$\pm$3g for SB. The calorie intake by fat was 20.8, 21.5, and 20.4% respectively. The ratio of P/M/S was 1.3/1.7/1 for FH, 1.3/1.6/1 for DM and 1, .5/1.5/1 for SB. And the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acid was 5.2/1 for FH, 8.3/1 for DM and 7.2/1 for SB. Daily cholesterol intake was 208$\pm$20mg for FH, 223$\pm$29mg for DM and 251$\pm$27mg for SB. In addition, intake of n-3 fatty acid was 1.2$\pm$0.2g for FH, 0.9$\pm$0.1g for DM and 1.2$\pm$0.2g for DB. Considering the food source of fatty acids, saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid were taken primarily from animal foods, especially milk and milk products, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid was taken from vegetable oils and fats. As a major source of n-3 fatty acid, linolenic acid was obtained through vegetable oils and fats, and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were provided by fishes and their products. There patterns of fatty acid intakes did not differ according to living arrangement. The above results showed that intakes of fat and cholesterol, and ratios of P/M/S and n-6/n-3 fatty acid were overall desirable in all groups. However, intake of n-3 fatty acid was low in all groups. Therefore, consumption of perilla oil, legumes and fishes as a source of n-3 fatty acid should be increased by substituting other food source which provide fats and oils because calorie intake by fat was enough in these subject.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.435-442
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• 2013

본 연구는 비육후기 사료 내 미강과 볶은 대두의 첨가가 거세한 우의 도체특성과 CLA 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시되었다. 평균 20.92 개월령 (평균체중 599.89 kg)의 거세한우 36두를 대조구, 미강 첨가구 및 볶은대두 첨가구로 나누고 각각의 처리구는 12두씩 체중과 월령을 고려하여 배치하였다. 미강과 볶은 대두의 첨가 수준은 시험사료 내 조지방 함량을 5%로 설정하고, 조지방 부족분을 각각의 첨가원료 (미강과 볶은 대두)로부터 보충 되도록 설계하여 314일 동안 비육시험을 실시하였다. 종료 시 체중은 대조구, 미강 첨가구 및 볶은대두 첨가구가 각각 754.58, 783.33 및 755.67 kg으로 나타났다. 일당증체량은 미강 첨가구 (0.57 kg), 볶은대두 첨가구 (0.50 kg) 및 대조구 (0.50 kg) 순으로 나타났으나, 처리구별 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료요구율의 경우 미강 첨가구가 대조구와 볶은대두 첨가구에 비하여 각각 14.5%와 12.8% 더 낮아진 것으로 나타났다. 도체의 육량형질과 육질형질은 처리구별 유의적인 차이는 없었지만, 육질등급 $1^{{+}{+}}$ 등급 출현율은 볶은대두 첨가구 (50.0%)가 대조구 (33.33%)와 미강 첨가구 (25.0%)에 비하여 높은 출현율을 보였으며, $1^+$ 이상 등급 출현율에서도 볶은대두 첨가구 (75.0%)가 미강 첨가구 (66.67%)와 대조구 (41.66%)에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 체지방 부위별 c9, t11 CLA는 신장지방에서 볶은대두 첨가구 (0.21%)가 미강 첨가구 (0.15%)와 대조구 (0.16%)에 비하여 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났으며, 등심지방의 경우에도 볶은대두 첨가구 (0.21%)가 대조구 (0.16%)에 비하여 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 체지방 부위별 t10, c12 CLA 함량은 등심지방에서 볶은대두 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 낮게 나타났다. TVA 함량은 신장지방에서 볶은대두 첨가구 (2.56%)가 대조구 (2.27%)에 비하여 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 피하 및 등심지방의 TVA 함량은 볶은대두 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 각각 15.09와 6.92% 증가되었지만, 처리구별 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이상과 같은 연구 결과들을 종합해 보면 거세한우의 비육후기에 미강의 첨가는 사료요구율이 개선되었고, 볶은대두의 첨가는 도체등심 내 CLA 함량이 증가되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2000

한국인 트란스 지방산 섭취량을 산출하는데 필요한 데이타 베이스 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 트란스 지방산의 주요 급원 식품인 마가린 25종, 쇼트닝 21종, 식물성 식용유지 19종, 제과류 53종, 제빵류 18종, 낙농제품 19종, 동물성 유지 및 육류 9종 등 총 164종에 대하여 트란스 지방산의 함량을 GLC에 의하여 정량하였다. 또한 이들 식품의 1회 분량당 트란스 지방산의 평균 함량을 산출하였고, 한국인 1인당 1일 트란스 지방산 섭취량을 추정하였다. 지방 100g당 트란스 지방산의 함량은 마가린 $2.11{\sim}33.83%$(평균 14.66%), 쇼트닝 $1.47{\sim}44.48%$(평균 14.21%), 식물성 식용유지 $0.18{\sim}3.82%$(평균 1.54%), 제과류 $0{\sim}45.81%$(평균 10.92%), 제빵류 $0{\sim}18.32%$(평균 7.87%), 낙농제품 $0.90{\sim}4.54%$(평균 2.27%), 동물성 유지 및 육류 $0.61{\sim}6.07%$(평균 2.24%)였다. 이들 시료 중 트란스 지방산 이성질체는 대부분이 $C_{18:1}$과 $C_{18:2}$였다. 1회분량당 트란스 지방산의 평균 함량은 마가린 0.74g, 쇼트닝 0.71g, 식물성 식용유지 0.08g, 제과류 0.57g, 제빵류 0.66g, 낙농제품 0.15g, 동물성 유지 및 육류 0.13 g이었다. 한국인의 1인당 1일 총 트란스 지방산 평균 섭취량은 약 2.3g였으며, 마가린에서 0.35g, 쇼트닝에서 0.57g, 식물성 식용유지에서 0.11g, 제과류에서 0.65g, 제빵류에서, 0.07g, 낙농제품에서 0.14g, 동물성 유지 및 육류에서 0.21g을 각각 섭취하는 것으로 추정되었다.왔다.시판 프로타민은 $470\;{\mu}g/mL$였다.는 않았다.정성을 나타내었으며, pH 9.0 및 $25^{\circ}C$의 분산매내에서 7일간 저장후에도 99% 이상의 미세캡슐이 안정한 상태로 존재함을 알 수 있었다.값을 나타내었으며, 24시간 경과 후 겔을 형성하여 겔화제로서의 이용 가능성을 보여주었다. 항산화 효과는 뚜렷한 상관관계가 발견되지 않았다.CaSO_4$, GDL, $MgCl_2$, $Ca-gluconate+MgCl_2$, $GDL+CaSO_4$ 첨가구는 0.3%에서, 그리고 $Ca-gluconate+CaSO_4$ 첨가구는 0.4%에서 높게 나타났으며 그 중 0.3% $GDL+CaSO_4$ 첨가구가 적당한 경도를 가지면서도 부드럽고 고소한 맛이 강하여 가장 높은 기호도를 나타내었다.cids은 $190^{\circ}C$까지는 $2.51{\sim}4.41$ ppm으로 거의 변화를 보이지 않다가 $210^{\circ}C$에서 18.92 ppm으로 급증하였고, 이후 $220^{\circ}C$에서 7.20ppm, $230^{\circ}C$에서 5.56 ppm으로 점진적으로 감소하였다. 이는 nonanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid등이 고온가열에 의해 생성되었다가 이들이 열분해로 소실되었기 때문으로 생각된다.평균치는 34점이었으며 여윔에서는 너무 살찜으로 갈수록 사회적 체형불안도가 상승하는 경향을 나타내었다. 후쿠오카 지역의 체형 불안 도가 대구지역보다 유의적으로 높았다. 한 일 여대생의 자기 체형인식 및 체형 불안도에 관한 비교연구에서 한국여대생이 일본여대생보다 평균 신장은 크고 평균체중은 적으며 이상적으로 생각하는 신장은 한국이