• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2016

Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($36.65{\pm}3kg$) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller's grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, $p{\leq}0.03$) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly ($p{\leq}0.02$). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

비타민 E 100 IU, selenium yeast로 셀레늄을 0.9 ppm과 비타민 E를 50, 100 및 150 IU로 복합 첨가하였을 때 산란계의 산란율, 난중, 1일 산란량, 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구율, 난질, 계란의 저장성 및 계란 내 셀레늄 축적에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 시험 전 기간의 산란율과 1일 산란량은 비타민 E 100 IU 첨가구와 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm과 비타민 E 50 IU 복합 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 높았으며(P<0.05), 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 대조구를 포함한 모든 처리구에서 차이가 없었다. Haugh unit는 5주에 비타민 E 100 IU 첨가구와 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm과 비타민 E 50 IU 복합 첨가구가 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구에 비하여 높았으며(P<0.05), 난황색은 1주에 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm에 비타민 E 50 IU와 100 IU를 복합 첨가한 구가 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구에 비하여 높았다(P<0.05). 계란의 셀레늄 함량은 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm에 비타민 E 50, 100 및 150 IU를 복합 첨가한 모든 처리구가 대조구와 비타민 E 100 IU 첨가구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 계란 난황 내 ACL은 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm와 비타민 E 150 IU 복합 첨가구가 대조구를 포함한 다른 처리구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 계란의 저장 기간별 Haugh unit는 대조구를 포함한 모든 처리구에서 저장기간이 경과할수록 감소하였으나, 셀레늄 0.9 ppm과 비타민 E 150 IU를 복합 첨가한 경우에는 저장 1일차에서 5일차까지의 Haugh unit에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 산란계 사료에 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm 첨가하면서 비타민 E를 50, 100 및 150 IU를 복합 첨가시 산란율은 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm 첨가하면서 비타민 E를 50 IU 복합 첨가하면 개선되었으며, 난황내 지용성 항산화물과 계란의 저장성은 유기태 셀레늄 0.9 ppm 첨가하면서 비타민 E를 150 IU 복합 첨가하면 향상되었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1993

Bovine follicular oocytes were matured in two different conditions, TCM 199＋10% FBS with or without hormones (0.01 unit/ml ovine follicle stimulating hormone, 0.01 unit/ml ovine luteinizing hormone and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml $\beta$-estradiol). There was no significant difference in maturation and fertilization rates of the oocytes between two groups. The result indicates that hormonal treatment does not have beneficial effect on in vitro maturation and fertilization of follicular oocytes. IVF-derived cone-cell bovine embryos were injected with foreign DNA (CChcLf) by microinjection method and then co-cultrued with bovine oviductal epithelial cells. Developmental rate of microinjected embryos to blastocyst stage (21%) was similar to that of non-injected embryos(29%). This result represents that microinjected bovine embryos produced in vitro have a potential of development to normal blastocysts.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.159-162
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• 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production and egg quality in laying hens.In total, 90 Hy-line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatment groups (control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses)with three replicates of 15 birds each. During the experimental period, supplementation of hen diets with 1% microbial-fermented molassesdid not influence egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05), except for feed intake. Regarding egg quality, diets containing 1% microbial-fermented molasses significantly affected eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height (p < 0.05). However, there were no remarkable differences between control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses in eggshell color and egg yolk color (p > 0.05). These results indicate that supplementing 1% microbial-fermented molasses to the diet of laying hens improved egg quality parameters such as eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height rather than egg production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.772-775
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• 1999

A six week growth performance trial involving 450 birds was conducted to determine the dietary requirement of broiler chicks for available methionine (AM). Body weight gain was significantly (p<0.01) lower on high AM diet (1411 g/bird) than low AM (1470 g/bird) and normal AM (1466 g/bird) diets. The feed intake by birds ranged from $3241{\pm}25.69$ in high AM diet to $3321{\pm}25.69g/bird$ in low AM diet. The feed efficiency for the three diets having low, normal and high level of AM were $2.26{\pm}0.02$, $2.24{\pm}0.02$ and $2.30{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The results indicated that the birds fed high AM diet consumed significantly (p<0.01) more feed per unit body weight gain as compared to birds on low and normal AM diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.171-174
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• 1996

Muscle protein synthesis in vitro was measured in chicks fed low-protein(10% CP) and control(20% CP) diets. Right leg muscles (M. gastrocnemius) were mounted on a support made of stainless steel to stretch in constant tension, whereas left leg muscles were unmounted. Both leg muscles were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium including L-[$4-^3H$] phenylalanine for 60 min to measure in vitro protein synthesis. There was no significant difference in fractional synthesis rate(FSR) of muscle protein between both dietary protein levels, whereas FSR with stretch in constant tension was significantly higher than that without constant tension due to an increase in the absolute synthesis rate(ASR) per unit RNA(the efficiency of RNA to synthesize protein). The ASR of muscle protein in chicks fed the control diet was significantly higher than that in the low-protein diet group.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets. Methods: Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. Results: No significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate-and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum. Conclusion: Association between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different housing systems on the performances of sows and their piglets during gestation. A total of 90 sows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) were employed into 3 experimental farms to give 3 treatments, stall housing, group housing in either slatted floor or litter floor. Individual sow was used as an experimental unit. Group housed sows were fed with electronic sow feeder during gestation. Performance measures were taken on sows and piglets. Back-fat thickness and body condition score of sows were not affected by housing systems for pregnant sows. There was no difference of estrus interval of pregnant sows between housing systems. The lower number of still-birth was observed in group housing type. The number of wounded sows in slatted floor was remarkably increased compared with sows in litter floor. This study showed that the housing systems could fairly impact sow and piglet performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.474-478
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• 2001

Eighteen Murrah male buffalo calves were allotted into three groups of six each. The calves in group I (control) were fed with whole milk, skim milk, calf starter and green maize fodder. The calves in group II (high butyric acid) and group III (low butyric acid) were fed with the same diet as control along with 24 ml and 12 ml of butyric acid/calf/day for 120 days, respectively for 120 days. Dry matter intake was higher in group II and III as compared with group I. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose was the highest in group II followed by group III and the control group. Body weight gain and conversion efficiency of dry matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients were better in group II. Cost of feed for per unit of live weight gain was the lowest in group II. It was concluded that dietary addition of butyric acid (24 ml/day) was economical and had positive effect on the performance of Murrah buffalo calves.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.372-389
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• 2024

This study investigated the efficacy of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation in enhancing the quality of raw bovine milk by targeting microbial populations and lipid peroxidation, both of which are key factors in milk spoilage. We categorized the raw milk samples into three groups based on initial bacterial load: low (<3 Log 10 CFU/mL), medium (3-4 Log 10 CFU/mL), and high (>4 Log 10 CFU/mL). Using a 144 W thin-film UV-C reactor, we treated the milk with a flow rate of 3 L/min. We measured the bacterial count including standard plate count, coliform count, coagulase-negative staphylococci count, and lactic acid bacteria count and lipid peroxidation (via thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay) pre- and post-treatment. Our results show that UV-C treatment significantly reduced bacterial counts, with the most notable reductions observed in high and medium initial load samples (>4 and 3-4 Log 10 CFU/mL, respectively). The treatment was particularly effective against coliforms, showing higher reduction efficiency compared to coagulase-negative staphylococci and lactic acid bacteria. Notably, lipid peroxidation in UV-C treated milk was significantly lower than in pasteurized or untreated milk, even after 72 hours. These findings demonstrate the potential of UV-C irradiation as a pre-treatment method for raw milk, offering substantial reduction in microbial content and prevention of lipid peroxidation, thereby enhancing milk quality.