• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권12호
• /
• pp.1765-1772
• /
• 2002

Three experiments were conducted to determine the feed processing method best suited for early and conventionallyweaned pigs, and to investigate the effects of different extrusion temperatures on ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets containing different protein sources. In exp.1, a total of 108 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; 24 d of age and 7.60 kg average body weight) were alloted on the basis of sex, weight and ancestry to three treatments in a randomized complete block design. Feed processing methods used were mash (M), simple pellet (SP), and expanded pellet (EP). In exp. 2, a total of 96 pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; 14 d of age) were allotted on the basis of sex, weight, and ancestry to three treatments in a randomized complete block design. Diets were mash (M), expanded pellet (EP), and expanded pellet crumble (EPC). In exp. 3, a study was designed to investigate the effect of different extrusion temperatures (100, 120, and $140^{\circ}C$) over the control (untreated) on the ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets containing protein sources such as spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and fish meal (FM). Results in exp.1 showed that ADG, ADFI and the F/G ratio of pigs fed the SP diet were improved (p<0.05) compared with those fed the M or the EP diets, but the digestibility of nutrients was not different (p>0.05) among the treatments. In exp. 2, pigs fed expanded pellet treatments (EP or EPC) had a significantly improved (p<0.05) F/G ratio compared to the pigs fed the M diet which was primarily attributed to the significant reduction (p<0.05) in ADFI, but the overall growth rate of pigs fed expanded pellet diets was not improved. In exp. 3, there was a significant interaction effect (p<0.05) between the extrusion temperature and protein source on the ileal digestibility of amino acids. With an extrusion temperature of $100^{\circ}C$, the ileal digestibility of Lys, Val, Gly and Ser was significantly lower in the diet containing WPC compared to the diet containing SDPP. Increasing the temperature to $120^{\circ}C$ led to significant differences (p<0.05) in the digestibility of Thr and Tyr between diets containing WPC and SDPP. Regardless of extrusion temperatures, the weaned pigs' diet containing either SDPP or FM had significantly higher Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, and Gly digestibility relative to the WPC diet. Results of the present study suggest that simple pelleting of diets containing protein sources such as whey protein concentrate, spray-dried plasma protein and fish meal would be better than the extruded or expanded pellet diets. Extruder or expander processing of weaned pigs' feed could reduce palatability and ileal digestibility of several amino acids and therefore may be responsible for a negative growth response in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권12호
• /
• pp.1608-1613
• /
• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo steers. The experiment was conducted as a duplicated Latin square design with six Hanwoo steers ($600{\pm}47\;kg$), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were three treatments; i) control (concentrates 4.8 kg +rice straw 1.2 kg/d), ii) Pleurotus eryngiia (PE) treatment (concentrates 4.8 kg+rice straw 0.73 kg+Pleurotus eryngiia 1.20 kg/d) and iii) Pleurotus osteratus (PO) treatment (concentrates 4.8 kg+rice straw 0.73 kg+Pleurotus osteratus 1.20 kg/d). There were no major effects of different dietary treatments on rumen parameters such as pH, ammonia-N, individual and total VFA production. Parameters of N utilization, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein and albumin levels, were not significantly different among the treatments, except for creatinine. Thus, the present results indicated that protein utilization was mostly unaffected by SMS treatments such as PE and PO, even though creatinine concentration was lower in PE compared with control and PO treatments (p<0.05). The present results indicate that Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus osteratus could be used as a forage source to replace 40% of rice straw without any negative effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo steers.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2013

Sources of energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) have been used to meet nutrient requirements for high producing dairy cows. However studies for manipulation the levels of energy and RUP in diets have been mainly achieved using dairy cows at early-lactation period. The objective of this study thus, was to investigate the effects of different energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) levels on dry matter intake and milk yield in Holstein cows at mid-lactation period. Basal diet was prepared as TMR to meet nutrient requirements for dairy cows at mid-lactation according to NRC recommendation. Cows of control group (Con) were fed only basal diets while ground corn (0.5 kg/d), heat-treated soybean meal (0.5 kg/d), and their mixture (0.25 kg of each supplements/d) were added to diets for cows of treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3 respectively) to modulate the level of energy and RUP contents in diets. Addition of energy or RUP source in basal TMR did not affect in total DMI while TMR intake tended to be higher in Con compared to T3. Cows fed T3 diets tended to show increased milk yield and MUN content than those of Con. Cows for T2 as well as T3 had lower ADG (P<0.05) compared with those of Con. We concluded that the addition of RUP source in diets for dairy cows on mid-lactation period might cause the decrement of DMI and ADG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권12호
• /
• pp.1755-1762
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maize source and complex enzymes containing amylase, xylanase and protease on performance and nutrient utilization of broilers. The experiment was a $4{\times}3$ factorial design with diets containing four source maize samples (M1, M2, M3, and M4) and without or with two kinds of complex enzyme A (Axtra XAP) and B (Avizyme 1502). Nine hundred and sixty day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in the trial (12 treatments with 8 replicate pens of 10 chicks). Birds fed M1 diet had better body weight gain (BWG) and lower feed/gain ratio compared with those fed M3 diet and M4 diet (p<0.05). Apparent ileal crude protein digestibility coefficient of M2 was higher than that of M3 (p<0.05). Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn) of M1 were significant higher than those of M4 (p<0.05). Supplementation of the basal diets with enzyme A or B improved the BWG by 8.6% (p<0.05) and 4.1% (p>0.05), respectively. The fresh feces output was significantly decreased by the addition of enzyme B (p<0.05). Maize source affects the nutrients digestibility and performance of broilers, and a combination of amylase, xylanase and protease is effective in improving the growth profiles of broilers fed maize-soybean-rapeseed-cotton mixed diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권12호
• /
• pp.1689-1697
• /
• 2013

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (3%) rice straw (UTRS), and factor B was type of physical form of rice straw: long form rice straw (LFR) and chopped (4 cm) rice straw (CHR). The steers were offered the concentrate at 0.5% body weight (BW) /d and rice straw was fed ad libitum. DM intake and nutrient digestibility were increased (p<0.05) by urea treatment. Ruminal pH were decreased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group, while ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased (p<0.01) by urea treatment. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased (p<0.01) when steers were fed UTRS. Furthermore, VFA concentrations were not altered by treatments (p>0.05), except propionic acid (C3) was increased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group. Nitrogen (N) balance was affected by urea treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) synthesis were greater by UTRS and CHR group (p<0.05). The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater for UTRS than for RS (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that using the long form combined with urea treatment of rice straw improved feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial N synthesis in crossbred dairy steers.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권9호
• /
• pp.1418-1425
• /
• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fish meal (FM) and blood-derived protein sources including spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), porcine red blood cells (PRBC), and blood meal (BM) fed to growing pigs. Methods: Ten barrows (mean initial body weight of 22.1±1.54 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 5×4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 experimental diets and 4 periods. Four experimental diets were prepared to contain FM, SDPP, PRBC, or BM as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was prepared and included to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. For the 7-day experimental period, pigs were fed for 5 days as adaptation, and ileal digesta samples were collected for 9 hours on days 6 and 7. Results: The SID of crude protein in BM (48.0%) was less (p<0.05) than in FM, SDPP, and PRBC (83.4%, 83.9%, and 87.3%, respectively). Pigs fed the diet containing BM had less (p<0.05) SID of AA, except isoleucine and proline, than those fed the diet containing FM, SDPP, or PRBC. Among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, there was no difference in the SID of crude protein and all AA, except isoleucine. The SID of isoleucine in PRBC and BM (62.7% and 48.3%, respectively) was less (p<0.05) than in FM and SDPP (88.0% and 84.9%, respectively). The SID of lysine in FM, SDPP, PRBC, and BM was 85.4%, 84.9%, 89.7%, and 51.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The SID of most AA was not different among FM, SDPP, and PRBC, but BM had lower SID of most AA than FM, SDPP, and PRBC.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.213-222
• /
• 2019

Milk and dairy products are the high value foods for the elderly population. In particular, fermented milk is the best source of calcium for people in the specific age group of over 79 years. It provides a good source of protein. Regular exercise and active lifestyle are recommended to slow down the muscle loss. However, exercising without proper nutrient intake is simply not sufficient at this age. Milk and dairy products provide the iron and protein content required for effective exercise-assisted growth. Milk nutrients have the advantage of being produced in various food forms, such as liquid, semi-solid, and powder types. Fat-soluble vitamins such as retinol and vitamin K can be encapsulated using various technologies for milk and dairy products. Using the encapsulation method, spray drying and fluidized-bed coating have been used for adding the micro-nutrients to the food. Microencapsulation technology is being applied in case of the fermented dairy products too. In particular, various wall materials are being developed to enhance the viability of probiotics. In the near future, advanced high-efficiency technologies that can effectively nourish the dairy products with nutrients will be developed to produce targeted high-nutrition value food for the elderly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권7호
• /
• pp.1120-1126
• /
• 2007

An iron-fortified whey protein concentrate (Fe-WPC) was prepared by addition of ferric chloride to concentrated whey. A large part of the iron in the Fe-WPC existed as complexes with proteins such as ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin. The bioavailability of iron from Fe-WPC was evaluated using iron-deficient rats, in comparison with heme iron. Rats were separated into a control group and an iron-deficiency group. Rats in the control group were given the standard diet containing ferrous sulfate as the source of iron throughout the experimental feeding period. Rats in the iron-deficiency group were made anemic by feeding on an Fe-deficient diet without any added iron for 3 wk. After the iron-deficiency period, the iron-deficiency group was separated into an Fe-WPC group and a heme iron group fed Fe-WPC and hemin as the sole source of iron, respectively. The hemoglobin content, iron content in liver, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) and apparent iron absorption rate were examined when iron-deficient rats were fed either Fe-WPC or hemin as the sole source of iron for 20 d. Hemoglobin content was significantly higher in the rats fed the Fe-WPC diet than in rats fed the hemin diet. HRE in rats fed the Fe-WPC diet was significantly higher than in rats fed the hemin diet. The apparent iron absorption rate in rats fed the Fe-WPC diet tended to be higher than in rats fed the hemin diet (p = 0.054). The solubility of iron in the small intestine of rats at 2.5 h after ingestion of the Fe-WPC diet was approximately twice that of rats fed the hemin diet. These results indicated that the iron bioavailability of Fe-WPC was higher than that of hemin, which seemed due, in part, to the different iron solubility in the intestine.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.572-575
• /
• 2007

The angiontensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides were separated from beef sarcoplasmic protein extract and their amino acid sequences were identified as GFHI, DFHINQ, FHG, and GLSDGEWQ. The 4 peptides were synthesized in a laboratory and the ACE inhibitory activities of pep tides was measured after 2 months of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ under different pH conditions (6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0) and the exposure of different temperatures (70, 80, 90, and $100^{\circ}C$) for 20 min to evaluate industrial use. No significant difference was detected by pH and temperature abuse for 20 min during storage. When the synthetic peptides were digested by pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, the ACE inhibitory activity was not changed. These results indicated that the 4 synthetic peptides with ACE inhibitory activity were pH-stable, heat-stable, and resistant to proteinases in gastro-intestinal tracts. Therefore, those 4 peptides can be used as a source for functional food product with various applications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권8호
• /
• pp.1180-1185
• /
• 2009

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary energy level on nutrient digestion, nitrogen (N) utilization, growth performance, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in plasma, liver and longissimus dorsi muscle in growing-finishing pigs. In experiment 1 (Exp 1), 15 castrated male pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) (Body weight, BW, 55.6${\pm}$1.8 kg) were divided into three groups and fed rations containing 13.33, 14.87 and 17.35 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg as treatments I, II and III, respectively, using soybean oil as an energy source. The experiment lasted 8 days and faecal and urinary samples were collected during the last 3 days. The results showed that the digestibility of dry matter (DM), energy and N was increased from treatments I to III (p<0.01). N-retention and N-retention rate were not influenced by dietary DE level (p>0.05). In experiment 2 (Exp 2), 36 female pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) (BW 41.5${\pm}$3.8 kg) were divided into three groups. The pigs were fed with the same three rations used in Exp 1 for 60 days. At the end of Exp 2, eight pigs were selected from each group for blood sampling and 4 pigs for slaughter trial. The results indicated that average daily feed intake (ADFI) and N-intake were significantly decreased (p<0.01), and DE intake (p<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) were increased. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in plasma were increased (p<0.05). No significant differences in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in liver and longissimus dorsi muscle were found between different treatments. It was concluded that higher dietary DE level improved nutrient digestibility, ADG and feed/gain ratio when soybean oil was used as an energy source in the ration of growing-finishing pigs. No significant differences were found in Nretention and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in liver and longissimus dorsi muscle between different treatments.