• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2001

In order to determine the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the important sex-steroid hormone precursor, in vascular reactivity in rats, animals were treated for two weeks with DHEA or sex hormones, and the vascorelaxant and contractile responses of isolated aorta were examined. DHEA diminished the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in female rats, while the drug was without effect in males. Testoterone lowered the vasorelaxant activity to ACh in either sex. 17$\beta$-Estradiol enhanced ACh-induced vasorelaxation in male rats, but this female sex hormone did not influence in females. In male rats, the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide also enhanced vasorelaxant action of ACh. When the male rat aorta was incubated in vitro with a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME, phenylephrine-induced contraction was greatly potentiated in DHEA-pretreated rats compared to control ones. The present results suggest that DHEA stimulates mainly androgen in female, but both androgen and estrogen in male rats. The participation of NO In the modulation of vascular reactivity with pretreated DHEA was also considered.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2019

Androgens act in almost all tissues throughout the lifetime and have important roles in skeletal muscles. The levels of androgens increase during puberty and remain sustained at high levels in adulthood. Because androgens have an anabolic effect on skeletal muscles and muscle stem cells, these increased levels of androgens after puberty should lead to spontaneous muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia in adulthood. However, the maintenance of muscle volume, myonuclei number per myofiber, and quiescent state of satellite cells in adulthood despite the high levels of androgens produces paradoxical outcomes. Our recent study revealed that the physiological increase of androgens at puberty initiates the transition of muscle stem cells from proliferation to quiescence by the androgen-Mindbomb1-Notch signaling axis. This newly discovered androgen action on skeletal muscles underscores the physiological importance of androgens on muscle homeostasis throughout life. This review will provide an overview of the new androgen action on skeletal muscles and discuss the paradoxical effects of androgens suggested in previous studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1832-1842
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• 2007

Cytochrome P450 aromatase is responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogen. It is also responsible for the endogenous production of 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone), an anabolic androgen unique to pigs. Plasma concentrations of 19-nortestosterone are highest between two and four weeks after birth in male pigs. In the present study, the physiology of 19-nortestosterone was investigated by measuring the mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzymes, estrogen receptors and androgen receptor in the tissues of growing pigs. The expression of aromatase, 17${\alpha}$-hydroxylase and 3${\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testes of male piglets increased between birth and two weeks of age, and then decreased progressively. Similar developmental expressional patterns were observed for 17${\alpha}$-hydroxylase and 3${\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the ovaries of female piglets, but without significant aromatase expression. The major form of aromatase expressed in the testes of piglets was identified as type I. Expression of estrogen receptor-${\alpha}$ and -${\beta}$and androgen receptor genes was also detected in both testes and ovaries. A transient elevation of androgen receptor mRNA in male piglets at two weeks of age was also observed in testes. Significant expression of the androgen receptor gene, but not of estrogen receptor-${\alpha}$ and -${\beta}$ genes, was also demonstrated in adipose tissue and muscle. We conclude that the observed increase in the testicular expression of aromatase in male pigs could account for the production of large amounts of 19-nortestosterone at between two and four weeks of age in males. Androgen receptor and 19-nortestosterone appeared to be important for testicular development and might contribute to sexual dimorphism in body composition and muscle development in juvenile pigs.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2018

Purposes: 본 연구는 전립선암 환자의 의료비 지출을 평가하기 위해 남성호르몬 박탈 치료와 근치적 전립선적출술의 비용을 비교하였다. Methods: 본 연구는 스마트 전립선암 데이터베이스(Smart Prostate Cancer Database)의 전립선암 환자 357명의 데이터와 청구데이터베이스에서 의료비 관련 데이터를 도출하였다. 근치적 전립선적출술과 남성호르몬 박탈 치료간 비교를 위해 독립표본 t검정을 실시하였다. 또한 남성호르몬 박탈 치료와 근치적 전립선적출술에 영향을 미치는 요인을 검증하기 위해 다중회귀 분석을 실시하였다. Findings: 치료 후 1년까지 남성호르몬 박탈치료가 근치적 전립선적출술 보다 비용이 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 치료 후 4년까지 낮게 유지되었다. 그러나 4년이 지나면 남성호르몬 박탈 치료의 누적의료비가 근치적 전립선적출술보다 더 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. 환자의 병기가 높거나 나이가 많은 경우 근치적 전립선적출술보다 남성호르몬 박탈 치료를 할 확률이 더 높았다. Practical Implications: 본 연구는 조기 암 발견이 환자 뿐 아니라 국민건강보험공단의 의료비를 줄일 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다. 또한 의료비를 정확히 평가하기 위해서는 오랜 기간의 정보를 평가해야 하며, 이를 기반으로 평가 및 예측이 필요함을 증명하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Metabolic syndrome has become quite prevalent within our society. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has sharply increased worldwide and it has become a major public health problem in several countries. It is associated with the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus and imposes numerous cardiovascular risks. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men, surpassed only by non-melanoma skin cancer. A considerable body of evidence exists suggesting that some components of the metabolic syndrome have been associated with the risk of prostate cancer. These components include obesity, an abdominal fat distribution, and hyperinsulinemia. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the most widely used therapeutic modality in prostate cancer. It changed the body composition and lipid profile of men with prostate cancer. Androgen deficiency is associated with increased levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, increased production of proinflammatory factors, and increased thickness of the arterial wall and contributes to endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer and to discuss the implications of androgen deficiency in men with cardiovascular risk factors. A comprehensive literature search was carried out with the use of PubMed from 1980 through 2011, and relevant articles pertinent to metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer are evaluated and discussed.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2007

Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) is a family of enzymes that regulate histone acetylation. Dysfunction of HAT plays a critical role in the development of cancer. Here we have screened the various plant extracts to find out the potent HAT inhibitors. The bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum) root have exhibited approximately 30% of the inhibitory effects on HAT activity, especially p300 and CBP (CREB-binding protein) at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. The cell viability was decreased approximately 52% in LNCaP cell for 48 hr incubation. Furthermore, mRNA level of 3 androgen receptor target genes, PSA, NKX3.1, and TSC22 were decreased with bellflower root extract treatment ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$) in the presence of androgen. In ChIP assay, the acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in PSA promoter region was dramatically repressed by bellflower root treatment, but not TR target gene, Dl. Therefore, the potent HAT inhibitory effect of bellflower root led to the decreased transcription of AR target genes and prostate cancer cell growth with the repression of histone hyperacetylation.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2003

Androgen plays an important role in the regulation of gonadotropin production in vertebrates . We have investigated the transcriptional pattern of androgen receptor (AR) in a variety of tissues in maturing male and female goldfish by RT-PCR. Specific primer for AR was designed based on goldfish AR gene from the GenBank (accession number AY090897). AR was shown 10 be maturity- and tissue-dependent gene expression pattern in goldfish. In immature male goldfish, significantly higher transcript level of AR was observed in the pituitary und testis , compared [0 brain and liver. Mature male goldfish showed a similar expression pattern to immature male goldfish. Interestingly. when compare to male goldfish, female goldfish showed AR mRNA expression that was found 10 be weak in pituitary, and very low expression in brain. They could not be found 10 have expression in any other tissues. Taken together. the- transcriptional analysis of AR depending on the tissue, sex. and maturity of a goldfish provides the opportunity for the study of goldfish reproductive physiology ,The results provided for the first time a comparison of the tissue distribution of AR mRNA in sexually maturating male and female goldfish.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2001년도 전기 제11차 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.50-51
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• 2001

In ultrastructure study of testis, Sertoli cells start to differentiate at 16 days of gestation. Transcripts of FSH receptor, IGF-I receptor, ER $\alphareceptor, $ $TGF-\beta$ receptor and androgen receptor were highly and initially expressed at 16 day of gestation. As results of in situ PCR at 16 day of gestation, transcripts of FSH, IGF-I receptor were detected in Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, whereas the receptors of $ER\alpha, $ $TGF-\beta$ and androgen were detected in Sertoli cells. Therefore, expression of FSH and estrogen $\alpha, $ androgen, IGF-I and $TGF-\alpha$ could play an important role during fetal and prepubertal testicular development by stage specific manner in mouse.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2003

Alternative or complementary medicine plays an important role in health care system. Ginseng, being one of the most popular oriental herbs, is believed to contain various steroid hormone activity. Ginseng has been demonstrated pharmacological effect in the cardiovascular, endocrine, central nervous, and immune system. Our objective was to study that total saponin might mediate some of their actions by binding to the steroid hormone receptor, as they share many of the actions of steroid hormone in various physiological system. Using total saponin from Panax Ginseng, we have studied the possibility of total saponin being a potential estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, and retinoic acid receptor ligand. Total saponin activated the transcription of both the estrogen and androgen responsive luciferase reporter plasmids at a concentration of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in COS cells transiently transfected with the corresponding receptor and hormone responsive receptor plasmids. And total saponin caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of estrogen receptor. Total saponin increased the expression of estrogen responsive c-fos proto-oncogene at the protein level in MCF7 cells at 24 h treatment as examined by Western analysis. The c-fos induction was used as a specific marker of estrogen responsiveness. This activation was inhibited by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780. However, total saponin failed to activate the retinoic acid receptor in COS cells transiently transfected with the corresponding receptor and retinoic acid responsive reporter plasmids. These results show that total saponin is capable of activating estrogen and androgen receptors.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2013

As part of the research for the natural products about prostate-related disease, this study screened 159 plant species from 46 families, which included a total of 213 different kinds of local native plants and these plants were tested for the ability to inhibit LNCaP proliferation, an androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line, and DU145 proliferation, which is a more aggressive androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell line. The results indicated that nineteen of 213 types of plants exhibited antiproliferative activity (cell viability < 30%, $500{\mu}g/mL$) on the growth of androgen-sensitive LNCaP cell lines, and five of them exhibited DU145 cell antiproliferative activity (cell viability < 30%, $500{\mu}g/mL$). The methanol extracts of Eurya emarginata (stems), Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis (leaves), Photinia glabra (leaves) and Elaeagnus macrophylla (leaves) showed antiproliferative activity on both the androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells (cell viability < 30%) and androgen-insensitive DU145 cells (cell viability > 100%). The study also found that the methanol extracts of Styrax japonica (fruits), Aralia continentalis (leaves), Fagus crenata var. multinervis (stems), Thuja orientalis (stems) and Poncirus trifoliate (branches) presented the strongest activity and demonstrated potent antiproliferative activity on both cell lines (LNCaP and DU145 cell viability < 30%).