• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.4 s.48
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• pp.229-234
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• 2006

Electric energy is too difficult to manage realtime for irregular change of load because of non-storage. In specially, operation of reserve is ancillary service to supply stably to defend large troubles in electric power system. But whole of electric power system brings to economical loss because of reserve operation. Therefore optimal reserve quantity and optimal reserve price are necessary in order to minimize loss. In this paper, we have presents optimal dispatch and reserve price consideration of opportunity cost.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

The purpose of Electro-Optical Camera (EOC), the primary payload of KOMPSAT-1, is to collect high resolution visible imagery of the Earth including Korean Peninsula. EOC images will be distributed to the public or many user groups including government, public corporations, academic or research institutes. KARI will offer the online service to the users through internet. Some application, e.g., generation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM), needs a secondary data such as satellite ephemeris data, attitude data to process the EOC imagery. EOC imagery with these ancillary information will be distributed in a file of Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) file formal. HDF is a physical file format that allows storage of many different types of scientific data including images, multidimensional data arrays, record oriented data, and point data. By the lack of public domain softwares supporting HDF file format, many public users may not access EOC data without difficulty. The purpose of this research is to develop a browsing system of EOC data for the general users not only for scientists who are the main users of HDF. The system is PC-based and huts user-friendly interface.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.555-560
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• 2016

Recently, many countries have placed great attention on energy security and climate changes. Governments are promoting the construction of renewable energy projects with regulatory support in Korea. Despite an increasing penetration of renewable resources, however, the photovoltaic and wind power are underutilized due to the endemic problems such as difficulties of output control and intermittent output. The Energy Storage System (ESS) is proposed as a good solution for solving the problems and has been studied in both the private business and the government. However, because of inefficient aspects, the research has been carried out for improving high costs and a small capacity. In addition, the ESS is currently installed for using only one purpose which is frequency regulation or transmission congestion relief such that has an economic limitation. Therefore, methods which are becoming economically justifiable to increase the penetration of the ESS is required. Thus, this paper presents in terms of operation efficiency to improve economic feasibility of the ESS currently used. mainly, there are two aspects for the operation efficiency. Firstly, it is intended to improve the utilization rate through a process that can utilize the ESS for various purposes. It is necessary to be able to use for other purposes by classifying and clustering for increasing the efficiency of availability. The clustering method is proposed to conduct the grouping the ESS. Especially, it is proposed to utilize ESS for frequency regulation service which is the one of ancillary services in the power system. Through case studies, it is confirmed to secure the necessary resources by clustering small size ESS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 1978

The major objective of this research is to identify those hospital characteristics that best explain cost variation among hospitals and to formulate linear models that can predict hospital costs. Specific emphasis is placed on hospital output, that is, the identification of diagnosis related patient groups (DRGs) which are medically meaningful and demonstrate similar patterns of hospital resource consumption. A casemix index is developed based on the DRGs identified. Considering the common problems encountered in previous hospital cost research, the following study requirements are estab-lished for fulfilling the objectives of this research: 1. Selection of hospitals that exercise similar medical and fiscal practices. 2. Identification of an appropriate data collection mechanism in which demographic and medical characteristics of individual patients as well as accurate and comparable cost information can be derived. 3. Development of a patient classification system in which all the patients treated in hospitals are able to be split into mutually exclusive categories with consistent and stable patterns of resource consumption. 4. Development of a cost finding mechanism through which patient groups' costs can be made comparable across hospitals. A data set of Medicare patients prepared by the Social Security Administration was selected for the study analysis. The data set contained 27,229 record abstracts of Medicare patients discharged from all but one short-term general hospital in Connecticut during the period from January 1, 1971, to December 31, 1972. Each record abstract contained demographic and diagnostic information, as well as charges for specific medical services received. The 'AUT-OGRP System' was used to generate 198 DRGs in which the entire range of Medicare patients were split into mutually exclusive categories, each of which shows a consistent and stable pattern of resource consumption. The 'Departmental Method' was used to generate cost information for the groups of Medicare patients that would be comparable across hospitals. To fulfill the study objectives, an extensive analysis was conducted in the following areas: 1. Analysis of DRGs: in which the level of resource use of each DRG was determined, the length of stay or death rate of each DRG in relation to resource use was characterized, and underlying patterns of the relationships among DRG costs were explained. 2. Exploration of resource use profiles of hospitals; in which the magnitude of differences in the resource uses or death rates incurred in the treatment of Medicare patients among the study hospitals was explored. 3. Casemix analysis; in which four types of casemix-related indices were generated, and the significance of these indices in the explanation of hospital costs was examined. 4. Formulation of linear models to predict hospital costs of Medicare patients; in which nine independent variables (i. e., casemix index, hospital size, complexity of service, teaching activity, location, casemix-adjusted death. rate index, occupancy rate, and casemix-adjusted length of stay index) were used for determining factors in hospital costs. Results from the study analysis indicated that: 1. The system of 198 DRGs for Medicare patient classification was demonstrated not only as a strong tool for determining the pattern of hospital resource utilization of Medicare patients, but also for categorizing patients by their severity of illness. 2. The wei틴fed mean total case cost (TOTC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the study years was $11,27.02 with a standard deviation of $117.20. The hospital with the highest average TOTC ($1538.15) was 2.08 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average TOTC ($743.45). The weighted mean per diem total cost (DTOC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the sutdy years was $107.98 with a standard deviation of $15.18. The hospital with the highest average DTOC ($147.23) was 1.87 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average DTOC ($78.49). 3. The linear models for each of the six types of hospital costs were formulated using the casemix index and the eight other hospital variables as the determinants. These models explained variance to the extent of 68.7 percent of total case cost (TOTC), 63.5 percent of room and board cost (RMC), 66.2 percent of total ancillary service cost (TANC), 66.3 percent of per diem total cost (DTOC), 56.9 percent of per diem room and board cost (DRMC), and 65.5 percent of per diem ancillary service cost (DTANC). The casemix index alone explained approximately one half of interhospital cost variation: 59.1 percent for TOTC and 44.3 percent for DTOC. Thsee results demonstrate that the casemix index is the most importand determinant of interhospital cost variation Future research and policy implications in regard to the results of this study is envisioned in the following three areas: 1. Utilization of casemix related indices in the Medicare data systems. 2. Refinement of data for hospital cost evaluation. 3. Development of a system for reimbursement and cost control in hospitals.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 2015

Background: Issues concerning with the classification accuracy of Korean Outpatient Groups (KOPGs) have been raised by providers and researchers. The KOPG is an outpatient classification system used to measure casemix of outpatient visits and to adjust provider risk in charges by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in managing insurance payments. The objective of this study were to refine KOPGs to improve the classification accuracy and to evaluate the refinement. Methods: We refined the rules used to classify visits with multiple procedures, newly defined chemotherapy drug groups, and modified the medical visit indicators through reviews of other classification systems, data analyses, and consultations with experts. We assessed the improvement by measuring % of variation in case charges reduced by KOPGs and the refined system, Enhanced KOPGs (EKOPGs). We used claims data submitted by providers to the HIRA during the year 2012 in both refinement and evaluation. Results: EKOPGs explicitly allowed additional payments for multiple procedures with exceptions of packaging of routine ancillary services and consolidation of related significant procedures, and discounts ranging from 30% to 70% were defined in additional payments. Thirteen chemotherapy drug KOPGs were added and medical visit indicators were streamlined to include codes for consultation fees for outpatient visits. The % of variance reduction achieved by EKOPGs was 48% for all patients whereas the figure was 40% for KOPGs, and the improvement was larger in data from tertiary and general hospitals than in data from clinics. Conclusion: A significant improvement in the performance of the KOPG was achieved by refining payments for visits with multiple procedures, defining groups for visits with chemotherapy, and revising medical visit indicators.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.667-685
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• 2003

To address the requirements of gap analysis for species protection, as well as the needs of state and federal agencies for detailed digital land cover, a 43-class map at the vegetation alliance level was created for the state of Kansas using multi-temporal Thematic Mapper imagery. The mapping approach included the use of three-date multi-seasonal imagery, a two-stage classification approach that first masked out cropland areas using unsupervised classification and then mapped natural vegetation with supervised classification, visualization techniques utilizing a map of small multiples and field experts, and extensive use of ancillary data in post-hoc processing. Accuracy assessment was conducted at three levels of generalization (Anderson Level I, vegetation formation, and vegetation alliance) and three cross-tabulation approaches. Overall accuracy ranged from 51.7% to 89.4%, depending on level of generalization, while accuracy figures for individual alliance classes varied by area covered and level of sampling.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.335-344
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify factors inhibiting access of people with disability to health check-ups as well as identify pertinent solutions for improvement. Methods: Twenty-three people with disability older than the age of 19 who took respective health check-ups within the last 3 years were selected as participants. For the data collection, the 1:1 intensive interview was used. The data were analyzed by the grounded theory by Corbin and Strauss. Results: The results comprised nine categories, 23 subcategories, and 179 concepts. The central phenomenon was 'failure to obtain check-ups.' Causal conditions were observed as a 'lack of communication method,' 'physical difficulties,' and 'staff unfamiliar with people with disability,' Interventional conditions comprised 'physical accessibility,' 'staffs' competency,' and 'assistant manpower.' The active strategy was included 'to investigate the professional medical institution,' 'to find the medical institution of convenient traffic accessibility,' 'to overcome communication difficulties through equipment,' and 'to overcome linguistic barriers through sufficient communication.' Whereas, 'utilization of ancillary equipment,' 'the education of staffs on people with disability,' 'universal design manual,' and 'customized check-ups' were included in the passive strategy. Such processes arose in the contextual conditions of 'lack of expectations for daily lives' and 'lack of government support.' As a consequence, the subjects participated experienced the 'disadvantages,' 'discrimination,' and 'reduced reliability of the health check-ups.' Conclusion: The subjects who participated in this study emphasized 'staffs familiar with people with disability' and 'systems customized for people with disability' are mandatory to secure complete health check-ups for people with disability.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-114
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• 2018

Purpose The recent concern over environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emission and fine dust contributes increasing interest in renewable energies. However the intrinsic characteristics of renewable energies, intermittent and stochastic generation, might cause serious problems to the stability and controllability of power grid. Therefore countermeasures such as virtual power plant (VPP) must be prepared in advance of the spread of uncontrollable distributed renewable energy resources to be one of major energy sources. Design/methodology/approach This study deals with the design concept of the VPP platform. we proposed as a technology solution for achieving the stability of power grid by guaranteeing a single power profile combining multiple distributed power sources with ICT. The core characteristics of VPP should be able to participate in the grid operation by responding to operation instructions from the system operator, KPX, as well as the wholesale electricity market. Findings Therefore this study includes energy storage device(ESS) as a controllable component as well as renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic and wind power generation. Based on this configuration, we discussed core element technologies of VPP and protype design of VPP solution platform according to system requirements. In the proposed solution platform, UX design for the integrated control center and brokerage system were included as well as ancillary service function to respond to KPX's operation instruction with utilizing the capability of ESS. In addition, a simulator was suggested to verify the VPP operations.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.28-39
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• 2016

The multi-mixed complex medical care facility consisting of mainly hospital and other associated facilities such as retail, office, accommodation, healthcare services, and so on, is currently recognized as a new segment in the real estate market. This study intends to identify the customer choice criteria for the development of multi-mixed complex medical care facility. Based on literature review and expert consultation, the 3 criteria with 12 sub-criteria for customer choice have been defined. And the AHP methodology has been implemented for the development of relative weight of those criteria depending on the type of facility including 'medical facility', 'supporting facility', 'healthcare service facility' and 'other ancillary facility'. Research findings indicated the implication for the optimal combination of facility development based on the customer choice criteria controlled by facility. Accordingly, this research intends to provide the guidance toward the development of multi-mixed complex medical care facility.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2022

The costliness index (CI) is an index that is used in various ways to improve the quality of medical care and the management of appropriate treatment in medical institutions. However, the current calculation method for CI has a limitation in reflecting the actual medical cost of the patient unit because the outpatient and inpatient costs are evaluated separately. It is desirable to calculate the CI by integrating the medical cost into the episode unit. We developed an episode-based CI method using the episode classification system of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to the National Inpatient Sample data in Korea, which can integrate the admission and ambulatory care cost to episode unit. Additionally, we compared our new method with the previous method. In some episodes, the correlation between previous and episode-based CI was low, and the proportion of outpatient treatment costs in total cost and readmission rates are high. As a result of regression analysis, it is possible that the level of total medical costs of the patient unit in low volume medical institute and rural area has been underestimated. High proportion of outpatient treatment cost in total medical cost means that some medical institutions may have provided medical services in the ambulatory care that are ancillary to inpatient treatment. In addition, a high readmission rate indicates insufficient treatment service for inpatients, which means that previous CI may not accurately reflect actual patient-based treatment costs. Therefore, an integrated patient-unit classification system which can be used as a more effective CI indicator is needed.