• Acta Via Serica
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2022

Both in popular perception and specialized literature, the Achaemenid Empire, for over two centuries the most important player from the Aegean to the Indus, is rarely evoked in correlation with the complex of socio-cultural dynamics which shaped the spaces of what has become known as the Silk Road(s). Building on the case study of the Pazyryk carpet on the one hand (King 2021, 353-361, Linduff and Rubinson 2021, 88-97), and of the spread of an artistic motive such as the quatrefoil on the other (Kim 2021), this paper explores the rich and complex nature of the commercial networks that flourished across Central Asia under the aegis of Achaemenid Great Kings. Both archaeological and literary evidence shall be discussed (especially the Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria: Naveh and Shaked 2012, and now King 2021, 315-320). If taken together and read against the grain, such material is significant for the following reasons. First, it suggests the existence - and the scale - of commercial activities directly fostered or indirectly promoted by the imperial administration in Central Asia, an area of crucial importance within the Achaemenid domains, but for which our evidence is rather scanty and difficult to assess. Second, it shows how the Achaemenid "Imperial Paradigm" (Henkelman 2017) affected the social and economic landscape of Central Asia even after the demise of the Empire itself, thus considerably shaping the world of the Silk Road(s) a century before the Ancient Sogdian Letters (de la Vaissière 2005, 43-70) or Zhāng Quiān's famous report.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2023

본 연구는 대 플리니우스의 『자연사』 속 정원 관련 문헌을 중심으로 고대 로마 시대의 정원관을 탐색함을 목표로 한다. 고대 로마 정원의 유형과 성격, 형태 등은 이후 서양 정원의 발달에 큰 영향을 미쳤고, 플리니우스 등이 집필한 실용적이고 전문적인 문헌이 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 『자연사』와 관련 문헌, 사료를 중심으로 진행된 본 연구에서는 로마 정원의 형태나 양식적 특징에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 이들 문헌에 투영된 정원관을 탐색하였다. 『자연사』뿐 아니라 고대 로마 시대에 작성된 정원, 혹은 농업 이론서는 관념적인 자연이나 예술로서의 정원보다는 실용적인 생산 공간을 주로 다룬다는 특징이 있다. 『자연사』에서 정원 연구와 관련된 식물학 부분 또한 즐거움보다는 유용함을 위주로 기술되었고, 플리니우스 또한 실용적인 정원인 호르투스를 전제로 논의를 전개하였다. 고대 로마 사회에서 정원은 실용적인 생산과 휴식의 공간일 뿐 아니라, 한 시대의 이상을 재현, 혹은 실천하는 장소였다. 플리니우스를 비롯한 로마의 지배세력과 지식인들은 그들이 지배하는 전 세계에 대한 앎을 포괄하고, 이를 통해 로마 대제국의 비전을 실현하고자 하는 에피스테메를 공유했다. 플리니우스는 『자연사』를 통해 당대의 유용한 지식을 로마 제국이라는 방대한 문명 세계로 포괄하고자 했고, 정원은 그 이상을 실천하는 중요한 장소였다.

• 복식
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2017

The uniqueness of Bali is inseparable from its culture and religion. Embedded in the cultural environment, textiles become one of the most important aspects in Balinese life as it is used as a medium in sacred ceremonies. Balinese textiles are made and used under special conditions according to Hindu teaching. This paper aims to observe the aesthetics of Balinese sacred cloths that are seen in their techniques, colors, and patterns. Quantitative research included in this study is based on 261 images taken from literature review and Museums. Field research was done in eastern part of Bali. This paper has divided the era between ancient and modern times. The ancient era before the 20th century used textiles for religious purposes. Modern era started from the colonialization period by the Dutch in Bali during 1910-1942 added economic values to the textiles. The independence of Indonesia in 1945 created Balinese textiles as a unifying value as one of the identity of Indonesia. The techniques are classified as Weft Ikat, Double Ikat, weave with Supplementary Weft, and Prada. The colors of the ancient era are 'fixed' with the restriction of the colors red, black, and white. The colors of modern era are 'festive' with combination of yellow, green, blue, and purple. The characteristics of patterns are geometric, natural, human, and animal groups. Field research in this paper observes Klungkung Village that produces Endek and Songket cloths. The aesthetics of Endek cloth is 'royal statement' and Songket cloth is a 'cultural heritage.' Nusa Penida Island produces Cepuk cloths and is a 'protective guardian.' Satria sub-district produces Prada cloths and appears to be an 'opulence charm.' Lastly, Tenganan Village produces Geringsing cloth which possesses a 'legendary legacy.' To sum up, Balinese sacred cloth essence is a balance of tradition and modern.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2003

The main buildings of the important Buddhist temples - the pagoda, the Buddhist sanctum, the lecture hall - was surrounded by the cloister until Koryo Dynasty. And the Buddhist sanctum was located the center. It meant that the Buddhist sanctum was important building. It is very important thing that we understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the unified space by the organic function of the interior space and the exterior space. But there is not so much the study on the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum. So, the purpose of this study is to understand of the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times. Till now, it was impossible that the Buddhist monk or the General public entered the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times because they regarded the Buddhist sanctum as the place of sacrosanctity and the floor was finished by bricks. But, we saw that they could enter the Buddhist sanctum. Of course the floor of the Buddhist sanctum was finished by bricks, but they spread mats on the floor, took off his shoes in the interior space and used the furniture for sitting on. The plan of the Buddhist sanctum was designed by the process of the ceremony and the way of the enshrinement of the Buddhist statues because it is the place to enshrine the Buddhist statues. They performed the ceremony like as pray, worship, offer food to Buddha, HaengDo - an act to turn round an object of worship - and so on in the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.56-69
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• 2012

본 논문은 2009년 6월 유네스코 세계문화유산에 등재된 40기의 조선왕릉 중 우리 민족이 가장 존경하는 세종대왕의 영릉에 대하여 고문헌을 통하여 원형공간과 복원, 시공방법 등을 고찰해 본 문헌적 연구이다. 영릉(英陵)은 세종대왕과 그의 비 소헌왕후 심 씨의 능으로 조선의 42기 왕릉 중 그 조영 방법이 독특하며, 천장의 역사를 갖고 있어 인물사 못지않게 중요한 공간이다. 영릉의 고문헌은 정조(1786)때 작성된 (영릉보토소등록(英陵補土所謄錄))과 (춘관통고(春官通考)) 그리고 고종때 작성된 (영릉영릉보토소등록(英陵寧陵補土所謄錄), 1900년)과 (조선왕조실록) 등이 있어 이를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 1) 능역조영의 용어정의, 2) 능원의 공간구성, 3) 능역시설물의 특성, 4) 공사규모 및 내역, 5) 능원의 식생 등의 내용을 검토할 수 있었다. 세계문화유산에 등재 된 문화시설은 그 원형을 잘 보존해야 하며 보존관리도 원래의 공법을 활용하는 등 신중한 검토가 요구된다. 따라서 본 논문은 원형 고증적 측면에서 이루어 졌다. 상기의 내용에서 세종과 소헌왕후의 영릉에 대하여 조영적 특성을 고찰할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 영릉의 원형공간 이해와 향후 복원 등의 제안이 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제4호
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• pp.249-267
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• 1998

"The Waste Land" is Eliot's best known poem. It was first published in 1922 and became a famous poem in modem poetry by the 1940's. The poem is a statement of his personal experience with spiritual crisis, this simple outline is complicated and universalized by being set within the structure of 'the Fisher King legend'. The fisher King legend was studied by Miss Weston in From Ritual to Romance and Sir James Frazer in The Goldon Bough which traced the vegetation myths. It explained the cycle of the seasons in relation to the death and rebirth of a god. The god died in the winter with the death of the vegetation and was reborn in the spring with the rebirth of the vegetation. Sir James Frazer reaced these ancient rituals within the Christian world. He indicated that the death and rebirth of Christ falls within the pattern of this ancient ritual. Also Miss Weston transformed that ancient ritual into Christian terms, and connected it with the Quest for the Holy Grail. Eliot used not only the title, but the plan and a good of the important symbolism of the poem from these two books. "The Waste Land" is a difficult one because of the numerous interruptions in the narrative. On the superficial level, the story covers a 12-hour period in a day. It is also in "the stream of consciousness." It might be called the internal monologue; that is, "the free association of ideas in the mind of the narrator," Eliot experiments with both the idea of time and with the stream of consciousness, He employs a number of quotations and allusion from the Classic literature. So, his technique in "The Waste Land" consists of the juxtaposition of the present with mythcism and religious symbolism derived from the past. The structure of the poem is built out of the contrasts in time. The poem illustrates his conception of the past as an active part of the present. "The Waste Land" has "a symphonic structure" composed of five parts, which are linked by the repeated themes. The theme is the death and salvation of the Waste Land. It is drawn from the Fisher King myths. Moreover, he has absorbed into the structure of this poem the language, phrases, and associations of other writers. It gave the poem the universality both of theme and of pattern. Also, his intricate and fine techniques added the universality to the poet's personal material. At last, the verse pattern of the poem follow the same basic structure as the thematic patterns. Again in symphonic style, the verse varies from section to section. The interruption of real time is associated with the flow of consciousness. Though the poem is a complex structure, there are the interweavings of a great deal of ideas into a simple, brief statement. By these poetic techniques the poem manages to have good harmony and unity between the thematic pattern and narrative structure. "The Waste Land" therefore, became the greatest poem in the 20th century modern world.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2021

한국의 조리서와 한의서, 역사서 등 고문헌에는 건강과 음식, 치료에 관한 다양한 기록들이 있으며, 이러한 기록을 통해 '식치(食治)'의 원리를 발견할 수 있다. 식치(食治)는 '의료와 식품이 같은 원리로 작용한다' 라는 식약동원(食藥同源)의 뜻을 포함하는 의미로 전통지식으로만 그치지 않고 현대의 식문화까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 식치(食治)의 원리를 바탕으로 고문헌의 기록된 식품에 대한 과학적 검증을 통해 현대의 건강식품 소재로서 활용할 수 있는 토대를 마련하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 현대인의 대표적인 대사질환 중 하나인 혈당 조절과 관련이 있는 오미자, 콩, 꿀을 주원료로 하는 전통음료인 '오미갈수(五味渴水)'를 본 연구의 대상으로 선정하였다. 고문헌의 기록을 토대로 전통 오미갈수를 재현하였을 때 꿀에 의해 발생하는 음료의 엉김현상이나 섭취 후 혈당 상승 작용을 보완하기 위해 꿀을 대체할 수 있는 식품 소재를 발굴하였다. 이 소재를 활용하여 새롭게 제조한 오미갈수를 전통 오미갈수와 비교 시험을 통해 새롭게 제조한 오미갈수의 건강증진 및 품질개선 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 전통지식의 하나인 식치의 원리를 활용한 과학적 연구를 통해 현대사회의 식품바이오, 헬스케어 등 의료 및 식품 분야의 다양한 콘텐츠로서 활용될 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2012

This article set out to develop an old Chinese - modern Korean collated terminology by analyzing and paralleling Chinese-Korean translational terms relevant to Korean medicine at a minimum meaning unit from "Eonhaegugeupbang", "Eonhaetaesanjipyo" and "Eonhaetaesanjipyo". Those are composed of original Chinese texts and their subsequent corresponding Korean translations. It tries to make a list of translational standards of Korean medicine terms by classifying the cases of translational ambiguity in terms of disease, body position, thumbnail-pressing acupuncture method, and disease-curing method. The above-mentioned ancient books are medical classics written by Huh Jun, the representative medical physician, and published by the Joseon government. Thus, they are appropriate enough as historically legitimate medical documents, from which are drawn out words and terms to form an old Chinese - modern Korean collation dictionary. This collation glossary will contribute to the increased relevance of data ming, or information retrieval. in a database system and information search engine of massive Korean medical records, by means of providing a novel way to obtaining synchronized results between the original writings of old Chinese and the secondary translated ones of modern Korean. The glossary will promote the collective but consistent translation of numerous old archives of Korean medicine and in other related fields as well.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제12궈1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2001

Though, these days there are increasing many patient of insomnia, there was not considered literatual study on insomnia. So, the result of consideration about cause and process of insomnia from thirty kinds of literatures, are as follows. 1. Early literature like Huangjaenankyung(黃帝內經), Sanghanron(傷寒論) reffered to insomnia as accompanying symptom. on the other hand, Myung(明), Chung(淸)'s literatures reffered to that as chief symptom or distinguished chief symptom from accompanying symptom. 2. There were tendency of deductive expanding of various masters and tendency of induction of simple theory that was based on Huangjaenankyung(黃帝內經). 3. Huangjaenankyung(黃帝內經) showed basic process of the sleep disorder that 'exhausting of Yin and excess of Yang (陰盡陽盛)', protecting energy does not invade Yin portion(陽氣不入於陰). And Huangjaenankyung(黃帝內經) showed cause of insomnia that deficiency of vital energy and blood, imbalanced of spleen and stomach, a fever as a invasion in the outside, lung system's disease. This became a basic cause and process of the sleep disorder in ancient period. 4. Sanghanron(傷寒論) occurred to insomnia as accompanying symptom in progress, remedy of a fever invaded outside, Kumkyeyoriak showed as origination in weakness, fatique, various diseases. Out of that, there is a significance in description of insomnia from some disease like histery or neurosis. 5. Jaebyungwonhuron(諸病源候論), Chunkumbang(千金方), Kukbangseo(局方書.) occured to a fire of heart(心慤) and a deficiency of heart and gall bladder(心膽虛) in defails. Insomnia is caused by agony of seven emotion, delivering of a child, are similar to insomnia is caused by psychologic disorders. Injaesanghanyusu(仁劑傷寒類書) occured to exhausting of Yin and excess of Yang (陰盡陽盛), imbalanced of stomach(胃不和) invasion of coldness(傷寒) are brought a conclusion of assumption of sap(津液耗損) brought about unreturn of yin energy. 6. Manbyunghuechum(萬病回春) in Myung period (明代) made much of portion of phlegm's influence about spiritual function. Kyungakjunsu(景岳全書) valued much of treatment divided according to excess and deficiency. Junginmaekchi(證因脈治) occurred to concept of pyorihesil(表裏虛實), Dongyibokam(東醫寶鑑) synthesised various theories. 7. Hyuljungron(血證論), Byunjungkimun(辨證奇聞), Suksilbirok(石室秘錄) made much of surprisemeni(驚恐) Consideration(思慮), liver's dryness(肝燥) is caused by liver's weakness(肝虛), imbalance of haert -kidney(心腎不交), seven emotion(七情). Especially, ftyujungchijae(類證治載) said that heart, liver, gall-bladder, kidney, surprisment, consideration baought to a conclusion of inbalance of Yang and Yin (陽不交陰). There is a tendency in literature mostly that literature showed separation of insomnia as a chief symptom. 8. These days there are increasing many patient of insomnia. So, it is needed to study about insomnia as a psychologic disease. Saying in conclusion, it is needed that we have to recognize in modern style based on ancient style of cause and process of insomnia. It is regarded to study about insomnia definitely and experimently.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.802-812
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of natural incense on the preservation of paper- and textile-based remains and the kinds and applications of natural anti-insect incense by reviewing relevant literatures of the ancient times. There are few ancient literatures of incense published in Korea. The researcher deducted how incense was used in this nation through reviewing verses contained in ancient literatures and medical books. In contrast, the kinds and applications of anti-insect incense used in China, where incense culture prospered, were investigated here through reviewing technical books about incense published during the Song(宋) and Ming(明) periods, $\ll$Incense record(香譜)$\gg$, $\ll$Chen's Incense record(陳氏香譜)$\gg$ and $\ll$Incense record(香乘)$\gg$. There were several methods of keeping clothes better from insects. In relation, how to use anti-insect incense varied in accordance with main materials of clothes, paper, textile, leather and others. Cymbopogon dstans(芸香), Brassica rapu var and Incarvillea sinensis(角蒿) are anti-insect incense which were used for paper. Anti-insect incense for textiles is classified into single and mixed incenses depending on whether only one kind of incense was used or more than seven kinds of the substance. Acori rhizoma(菖蒲), Capsella bursa-pastoris(薺菜花), Lactuca sativa L., Erigeron canadensis(莽草), Stemona japonica(百部) and Moschus sifanicus(麝香) are single anti-insect incense which were used for textile. While, the latter was called. ‘Yi Xiang(衣香)’ is mixed anti-insect incense which was used for textile. Artemisia asiatica(艾葉) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium(花椒) are anti-insect incense which were used for leather. Angelica dahurica(芳香) and Bamboo are anti-insect incense which were used for others. There were three main methods of using incense to prevent insects, that is, diffusing incense's strong scent and ingredients, exposing to smokes from burnt incense and washing with incense-boiled water. Diffusing incenses had a strong scent and antibiotic ingredients, which were put between books or clothes or into a storage box without being processed. If necessary, however, they were processed into rough powders that were in turn used singly, or otherwise mixed for a stronger scent and better insect elimination. Exposing to smokes from burnt incense was done as follows. A clothes was put on 'Long(籠)' underneath which there was a boiling water. The clothes was humidified by the water and then exposed to smokes from burnt incense. 'Long(籠)' had been long used since it was manufactured in the QinHan(秦漢) period for the first time. A local literature, $\ll$Koryo TuGing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ shows that in the Koryo(高麗) period, BoShaLu(博山爐) were used as a means of exposing clothes to smokes to prevent moths, similarly to China. Washing clothes with incense-boiled water was more effective in removing lots of worms and germs from clothes, but leaving the scent and ingredients of the used incense and maintaining the effect of anti-insect.