• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

From the era of pre-historic times, the ancient Indians and the Greeks highlighted the importance of body and organ donations thereby emphasizing the need for anatomical sciences in medicine through the use of effective dissections for the same. However, after the Renaissance, there was a surge in dissections throughout the world, particularly in Europe, as a result of which various laws were enacted by governments concerning the procurement of bodies for the purpose of scientific dissections, which were later promulgated throughout the world through various anatomical acts. The situation in India was quite similar to that of Britain until its independence in 1947, after which different Indian states formulated their own anatomy acts that had their own merits and pitfalls. Hence, this literature review serves to highlight the various acts throughout history and would serve as a guide to emphasize the future perspectives of formulating a centralized unified anatomy act for the Indian nation that could possibly be the need of the hour.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2000

This study purports to review traditional health concepts of Korea by age, and to compare them to health concepts defined in western societies. Furthermore the study offers these results as the basis of construction for Korean nursing theory. Literature for the review were traditional health books published in Korea. These books are Euibangyoochui, Hyangyakjibsungbang, Dongeuibogam, Eiyangpyun, Dongeuisoosebowon, & Hwangjaenaekyung. In addition, articles that studied traditional literature or Korean medical history were reviewed when no publication of a primary source was available. In ancient Korean society, health was viewed as a 'good relationship or harmony with a supernatural subject', 'harmony of earth, water, fire, and air', and a 'long life with no illness'. The treatment aspect of medicine was emphasized in the middle-aged society. The health concepts in the pre-modern society included such concepts as 'jeongkhibojeon', 'adjustment to the nature', 'harmony between yang and yin', 'strengthening of jeongkhishin', 'circulation of owoonyookchi', 'kyungjok mind-body state' and 'jeongshimjeonghang'. Major health concepts in western literature were 'adaptation', 'role performance', 'actualization of human potential', 'adaptation and actualization of potential', and 'comfort'. Traditional health concepts of Korea focus on principles. They deliver abstract meanings, which make their measures uneasy. They believe in holism and unity with nature and especially emphasize the mental aspect. On the other hand, health concepts of western societies focus on phenomena. Their meanings are somewhat concrete, which make their measurements relatively easy. They see a person adapts positively to the environment as an independent being from the environment. These concepts have biopsychosocial aspects with no partial emphasis in the mental aspects. These traditional concepts of health were classified into two main perspectives. One is the unity of heaven & man, and the other is the unity of mind and body. The former perspective is based on the main concept of Chi. The latter has the main concept of ruling of the mind. The two main concepts discussed above need further examination for development of a nursing theory for Korean society. The application of circulation of Chi needs balance and harmony, and the application of ruling of mind needs temperance.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

Objectives : Features of military medicine and war pattern at the time Methods : "Haeng Gun Bang Pyeon Pyeon Bang", military medicine literature, that allows pattern of ancient war to be inferred was considered. First, background of this literature formation was examined, and the contents included were arranged based on table of contents. Lastly, pattern of war at the time and role of military medicine were studied through the meaning of times and medicine in this book. Results : This book was written by Naseyo(羅世瑤, of an unidentifiable period), an intellectual of Qing Period(淸代) in the 2nd year of Emperor Xianfeng(咸豊 2, 1852). It was composed of total 3 volumes and a book, and 684 prescriptions were written under 6 large sections(大門). Conclusions : This book was written in the middle of spirit of the times of national prosperity and military power caused by defeat in the Opium War and popular publication in a series, an academic current of the times. Though there were many treatments about external wound in this book, thoughts of armed forces and combat by people of the time were reflected, including drying method(乾法) making portable foods, drinking control method(戒酒法) to resolve drinking(飮酒) problem in the armed forces, treatment method of infectious disease, information collection method from enemy troops by confession, and various treatments for diseases of military horse. It is expected that this book will be good material for studies in the field of military medicine and used as material for diverse combination studies such as history and military science.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.177-195
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• 2009

Objectives : This study is performed to investigate the acupuncture on Sciatica through the literature of oriental medicine. Methods : We collected the oriental medical literature from ancient to modern times, and extracted the causes, symptoms, treatments and acupoints of sciatica. Results : The findings of this study are as follows: 1. The etiology of Sciatica is differentiated into the exogenous pathogenic factors(wind, cold, dampness, trauma, bad posture) and the internal pathogenic factors(deficiency of the kidney energy, congenital debility). 2. The symptoms of Sciatica are pain, weakness and dysesthesia in the low back, hip and lower limb. 3. In the treatment of Sciatica, The Leg Greater Yang Bladder (BL) Meridian and The Leg Lesser Yang Gall Bladder (GB) Meridian out of 12 meridians were mainly used and the acupoint GB30(Hwando) was most frequently used in the acupuncture literature. 4. The number of acupoints used for sciatica was 95, and those acupoints in the order of frequency were GB30(Hwando), GB34(Yangnungch'on), BL40(Wijung), BL60(Kollyun), GB31(P'ungshi), GB39(Hyonjong), BL57(Sungsan), ST36(Chok-samni). Conclusion : The most frequently used acupoints for the treatment of sciatica are as follows; GB30(Hwando), GB34(Yangnungch'on), GB31(P'ungshi), GB39(Hyonjong) of The Leg Lesser Yang Gall Bladder Meridian, BL40(Wijung), BL60(Kollyun), BL57(Sungsan) of The Leg Greater Yang Bladder Meridian.

• 영어영문학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-60
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• 2008

As a way to situate environmental literary study, urban nature recently seems to have become an increasingly important part of ecocritical studies. Considering the recent deprecation on the alleged ecocriticism's ecocentric position, this move looks promising. However, a scrutable review of recent publications of ecocritical studies reveals a contradicting result that an ecocritical approach to urban nature not only lacks substance but also makes too much of the cultural and political issues of 'environmental justice' in which the traditional value and beauty of nature is totally sacrificed and neglected for its political purpose. Under the current circumstance that the environmental crisis threatens all landscapes of wild, rural, and urban, ecocriticism needs to put together "green" landscapes of wildness and "brown" landscapes of urban environment. The interdependence between outback and urban landscapes is best observed in suburban areas in which both landscapes coexist and merge. Provided with due learning and attention of nonhuman environment in their backyard, suburban residents have privilege of both appreciating nature's beauty and value of its own, on the one hand, and acutely reckoning urban environmental concerns related to their health, safety, and sustenance, on the other, in their own home grounds. The post-1980s in the United States has witnessed the emerging voices of suburban nature writings that speak for both green and brown landscapes, which have escaped from ecocritical attention. Among the suburban nature writings, those of Michael Pollan and Thomas Mitchell well illustrate how the green and brown landscapes are interwoven and, accordingly, how environmental awareness of both landscapes can start in suburban 'home.' Ecocriticism's validation as relevant studies of literature and environment may depend on these suburban nature writings which demonstrate an 'ancient-future' ethic of "home" based environmentalism.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2016

중국의 고대 문자인 "갑골문" 상형문자를 디지털과 결합시켜 대중화 시키는 것도 매우 의미 있는 일이라 사료된다. 표의문자 (表意文字) 인 중국 문자는 표음 문자 (表音文字) 인 한글과는 다르게, 보여 지는 시각효과가 크고 또 그 이미지화된 자료를 가지고 의미를 상고해 내는 작업을 함에 있어서 디지털의 기술을 빌려 쓴다면, 앞으로 중문학계는 물론이고 더 나아가 인문학계와 융합하는 문제는 시간문제라는 생각이 든다. 고대(상형) 문자를 컴퓨터과학, 즉 디지털과 결합시킨다는 것은 e-learing 의 기술적인 도입과 결합과도 상관이 있을 것 같은데, 앞으로 디지털 시대를 맞아하여 인문학과 자연과학과의 결합이 절실해 지리라 본다. 이를 위하여 e-learning 과 디지털 교육이 시급하며, 상형문자(표의문자)의 데이터베이스 구축 및 자료화 작업은 교육에 있어서도 매우 유용할 것이라 사료된다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.25-41
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• 2012

Objective : Neijingshiyifanglun with additions and emendations was written by Liu Yude, a doctor who lived during Ming period. I researched the origin of the book, and analyzed the features of it as well. I also approximated his birth date and death date. In doing this, I gained a better understanding the practice of medicine in ancient China. Method : I researched the book by comparing its contents, including the causes of diseases, the descriptions of symptoms, the transmissions of diseases, and treatments, with other sources that he had referenced. Result : In understanding Hwangdineijing, Liu Yude was influenced by many medical scholars such as, Wang Bing, Ma Shi, and Wu Kun, but his opinion is most similar to that of Zhang Jiebin. In the field of the Chinese Medical Theory, he was deeply influenced by 'JinYuan-Sidaijia's theories, particularly Li Gao and Zhu Zhenheng. In fanglun, he was greatly influenced by Yifangkao. He concluded that 'aggregationaccumulation' was a disease of stuffiness, and suggested its cure in through 'yangjingzezichu' and 'treatment of blood aspect'. He recognized the disease of 'reversal of qi' as the disease of 'jiaoqi'. He also indicated that the word of 'qi' is not 'rough' but 'tears' or 'yingfengliulei'. Conclusion : 1. He was an excellent medical practitioner and scholar in the history of oriental medicine. 2. He found and corrected errors in the opinions of Wang Bing, Ma Shi, and Wu Kun. 3. He frequently practiced Taipinghuiminhejijufang, and considered Spleen-Stomach, yin-blood, and fire-heat important. 4. He captured the spirit of Huangdisuwenxuanminglunfang, Neijingshiyifanglun, Yifangkao in views of remedy and theory. 5. Neijingshiyifanglun with additions and emendations is the most comprehensive book about fanglun because of its thorough analysis of the Hwangdineijing and its connection to the treatment of ancient diseases in Oriental Medical History.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2018

Kushan dynasty was located in the middle of Silkroad, from the 1st century BC to the second century AD, where it negotiated with various races. Therefore, the culture of the Kushan has multi cultural elements. The purpose of this study is to understand the life of the ancient Silkroad by accessing this characteristic culture of the Kushan through costume analysis. And the results of this study will be used as a basic data for studying the relationship between Korean ancient costumes and Silkroad costume type. As a research method, literature survey and artifacts analysis were performed in parallel. The results of this study are as follows: The basic type of the Kushan costume was a typical nomadic ethnic type with a long tunic and trousers. Tunic was fastened with a belt and straps at the waist, and the lower part of the belt was wider like a skirt. The tunic was divided into two types: open front and closed front. Because Kushan was originally a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the nomadic elements of Central Asia remained unchanged in the early costumes of the Kushan, but over time the details of the costumes changed according to the surrounding political situation. When Kushan negotiated with Parthia, the parthian coat was worn by the influence of them. After occupying Greco Bactria, accepting the Greek culture of Bactria, Kushan's costume was supplemented by the external costume element of drapery, which changed the style of the nomadic costume into a elegant style.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2020

Objectives : This paper aims to understand the meaning and utilitarian values of 'Jongyong(從容)' in medicine by studying its meaning in the 『Huangdineijing』. Methods : Examples of 'Jongyong(從容)' usages in Chinese literature and classical texts were studied first. Next, the similarities and characteristics of its contexts in discourses between Leigong and Huangdi were examined, followed by further examination of the overall meanings of the six chapters, 「Shicongronglunpian(示從容論篇)」, 「Zhuzhijiaolunpian(著至敎論篇)」, 「Shuwuguolunpian(疏五過論篇)」, 「Zhengsishilunpian(徵四失論篇)」, 「Yinyangleilunpian(陰陽類論篇)」, 「Jiejingweilunpian(解精微論篇)」 and the verses that include 'Jongyong(從容).' Results : Generally 'Jongyong(從容)' describes a resilient attitude that responds appropriately and calmly to difficult external situations while maintaining one's character, or refers to one's general behavior. In the 『Huangdineijing』, 'Jongyong(從容)' is only mentioned in discourses between Leigong and Huangdi, which talks about ancient East Asian clinical medicine in general, its transmission and education. Here, the meaning of 'Jongyong(從容)' could be summarized as an expansion of analogical thinking[引比類], medical work that involves the physician's commitment(人事), and detailed measurement of yinyang difference in the body(刑法, 陰陽, 治數). Discussion : In ancient East Asian medicine, the meaning of 'Jongyong(從容)' is closer to measurement of the yinyang difference rather than differentiation of the five element analogy. It is a medical practice that measures the shape, volume, length, area, height, concentration etc. of the human body in numerical figures to allow for the most subtle comparison, which was an important aspect of the physician's work that needed to be demonstrated, educated and transmitted to later generations to enable continuity of the medical profession.