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Physicochemical Characteristics and Volatile Compounds Analysis of Coffee Brews according to Coffee Bean Grinding Grade (커피원두의 분쇄입도에 따른 커피 추출물의 이화학적 품질특성 및 휘발성 향기성분 분석)

  • Lim, Heung-Bin;Jang, Keum-Il;Kim, Dong-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.730-738
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    • 2017
  • In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of coffee brews according to coffee bean grinding grade. We also examined the effect of grinding grade on amounts of volatile flavor compounds. Coffee brew samples were separated using standard sieves (with pore sizes of 850, 600, and $425{\mu}m$), making particle sizes of ground beans as follows: whole bean (control), $850{\mu}m$ or more (coarse), $850{\sim}600{\mu}m$ (medium), $600{\sim}425{\mu}m$ (fine), and $425{\mu}m$ or less (very fine). For each particle size category, pH, total acidity, brown color intensity, chromaticity, total phenolic content, caffeine content, chlorogenic acid content, and total amounts of volatile flavor compounds generated were compared and analyzed. As grinding grade decreased, pH and brown color intensity increased from 4.84 to 5.18 and from 0.257 to 0.284, respectively, whereas total acidity decreased from 0.31 to 0.17%. As grinding grade decreased, the $L^*$ and $a^*$ color values decreased; however, $L^*$ value did not exhibit a significant difference depending on the grinding grade. The $b^*$ value was 15.75 in the very fine size category, which showed the highest yellowness. There was an 11 or higher color difference between the control and ground coffee powder, indicating a remarkable color difference. The total phenolic, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid contents of the coffee brewed from ground beans with a very fine size were 4.54 mg gallic acid equivalent/mL, $733.0{\mu}g/mL$, and $383.7{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, which were high values. The total amounts of volatile compounds in the very fine size category were found to be greater than 100 mg/kg. In this study, we suggest the basis for coffee quality evaluation, which involves evaluating changes in the physicochemical properties and amounts of flavor compounds of coffee relative to the grinding grade of the beans (basic step of coffee extraction).

Study on Permeability, Optimum Yield and Long-term Stability in Alluvial Well with Filter Layer Change (충적우물에서 필터층 변화에 따른 투수특성, 적정양수량 및 장기적 안정성에 대한 연구)

  • Song, Jae-Yong;Lee, Sang-Moo;Choi, Yong-Soo;Kim, Ki-Joon;Jeong, Gyo-Cheol
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.101-115
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    • 2018
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of various filter conditions on unconfined aquifer (alluvial aquifer). We made model test device which has filter layer, pumping well and observation well which consist of sand layer and gravel layer to test. Step drawdown test and long term pumping tests were carried out using the device. The permeability characteristics of each test group were confirmed and the optimal yield was calculated. As a result of comparing the optimal yield of double filter and single filter in sand, dual-filter SD-300 was valued at 216.8 % higher final optimal yield than single-filter SS-300. Comparing the dual filter SD-300 and the single filter SS-100 with a thin filter layer, dual-filter SD-300 was valued at 709.2% higher final optimal yield than single-filter SS-300. As a result of analysis of optimal yield change over time, It was confirmed that the ratio of optimal yield of single filter and dual filter increase over time. In order to evaluate the long-term change in water intake efficiency, we considered the point at which the initial optimal yield was reduced by 50%. The dual filter SD-300 is about 351.1% higher than SS-300, which is the same thickness filter, and about 579.0% higher than SS-100. From these results, Assuming that the point at which the initial quantity of water intake is reduced to 50% is the well life, double filters are expected to increase their lifespan by about 3.5 times over single filters of the same thickness and by about 5.8 times over typical single filter. These results can be used to design wells to river bank filtration or filtered seawater. In addition, it is possible to clarify the effect of the double filter through the comparison with the future field test results.

Digital painting: Image transfonnation, simulation, heterologie and transfonnation (현대회화에서의 형태와 물질 -Digital Transfiguration에 관한 연구-)

  • Jeong, Suk-Yeong
    • Journal of Science of Art and Design
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    • v.10
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    • pp.161-181
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    • 2006
  • The words which appeared in my theoretical study and work are image transformation to digital painting, simulation, heterologie and transfiguration, etc. Firstly, let's look into 'digital era' or 'new media era'. Nowadays, the image world including painting within the rapid social and cultural change, which is called as digital era, is having the dramatic change. Together with the development of scientific technology, large number of events which was deemed to be impossible is happening as real in image world Moreover, these changes in image world is greatly influencing to our life. The word which compresses this change of image world and shows is 'digital'. Digit, which means fingers in Latin, indicates separately changing signal, and to be more narrow, it indicates the continual signal of '0' and ' 1' in computer. The opposite word is 'analogue'. As analogue is the word meaning 'infer' or 'similarity', it indicates the signal or form which continuously changes along the series of time when it is compared to digital. Instead of analogue, digital is embossed as a major ruler along the whole area of our current culture. In whole culture and art area, and in whole generalscience, digital is appearing as it has the modernism and importance. The prefix, 'digital', e.g. digital media, digital culture, digital design, digital philosophy, etc, is treated as the synonym of modernism and something new. This advent of digital results the innovative change to the image world, creates the new beauty experience which we could not experience before, and forecasts the formation of advanced art and expansion of creative area. Various intellectual activities using computer is developing the whole world with making the infrastructure. Computer in painting work immediately accomplishes the idea of painters, takes part in simulation work, contingency such as abrupt reversal, extraction, twisting, shaking, obscureness, overlapping, etc, and timing to stimulate the creativity of painters, and provides digital formative language which enables new visual experience to the audience. When the change of digital era, the image appeared in my work is shown in 'transfiguration' like drawing. The word, 'transfiguration' does not indicate the completed and fixed real substance but indicate endlessly moving and floating shape. Thus, this concept is opposite to the substantial consideration, so that various concepts which is able to replace this in accordance with the similar cases are also exist such as change, deterioration, mutation, deformity of appearance and morphing which is frequently used in computer as a technical word. These concepts are not clearly classified, and variably and complicatedly related. Transfiguration basically means the denial of "objectivity' and '(continual) stagnation' or deviation from those. This phenomenon is appeared through the all art schools of art ever since the realism is denied in the 19th century. It is called as 'deformation' in case of expressionism, futurism, cubism, etc, in the beginning of the century, which its former indication is mostly preserved within the process of structural deviation and which has the realistic limit which should be preserved. On the contrary, dramatic transfiguration which has been showing in the modern era through surrealism is different in the point that dramatic transfiguration tends to show the deterioration and deviation rather than the preservation of indicated object. From this point, transfiguration coming out from morphing using computer deteriorates and hides the reality and furthermore, it replaces the 'reality'. Moreover, transfiguration is closely approached to the world of fake or 'imaginary' simulation world of Baudrillard. According to Baudrillard, the image hides and deteriorates the reality, and furthermore, expresses 'not existing' to 'imaginary' under the name of transfiguration. Certain reality, that is, image which is absent from the reality is created and overflowed, so that it finally replaces the reality. This is simulation as it is said by Baudrillard. In turn, Georges Bataille discusses about the image which is produced by digital technology in terms of heterologie. Image of heterologie is the visual signal which is established with the media. Image of media is to have the continuous characteristics of produce, extinction, and transformation, and its clear boundary between images becomes meaningless. The meaning of composition, excess, violation, etc of digital image is explained to heterological study or heteologie suggested as important meaning of Georges Bataille who is a heretic philosopher. As the form and image of mutation shows the shape in accordance with mechanical production, heterologie is introduced as very low materialism (or bas materialisme), in this theory. Heterologie as low materialism which is gradually changing is developing as a different concept and analysis because of the change of time in the late 20s century beside high or low meaning. Including my image, all images non-standardizes and transforms the code. However, reappearance and non-standardization of this code does not seem to be simple. The problem of transformation caused by transfiguration which appears in my digital drawing painting, simulation, heterologie, etc, are the continual problems. Moreover, the subject such as existence of human being, distance from the real life, politics and social problems are being extended to actual research and various expressing work. Especially, individual image world is established by digital painting transfiguration technique, and its change and review start to have the durability. The consciousness of observers who look at the image is changing the subject. Together with theoretical research, researchers are to establish the first step to approach to various image change of digital era painting through transfiguration technique using our realistic and historical image.

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Quality Assurance of Patients for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (세기조절방사선치료(IMRT) 환자의 QA)

  • Yoon Sang Min;Yi Byong Yong;Choi Eun Kyung;Kim Jong Hoon;Ahn Seung Do;Lee Sang-Wook
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.81-90
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    • 2002
  • Purpose : To establish and verify the proper and the practical IMRT (Intensity--modulated radiation therapy) patient QA (Quality Assurance). Materials and Methods : An IMRT QA which consists of 3 steps and 16 items were designed and examined the validity of the program by applying to 9 patients, 12 IMRT cases of various sites. The three step OA program consists of RTP related QA, treatment information flow QA, and a treatment delivery QA procedure. The evaluation of organ constraints, the validity of the point dose, and the dose distribution are major issues in the RTP related QA procedure. The leaf sequence file generation, the evaluation of the MLC control file, the comparison of the dry run film, and the IMRT field simulate image were included in the treatment information flow procedure QA. The patient setup QA, the verification of the IMRT treatment fields to the patients, and the examination of the data in the Record & Verify system make up the treatment delivery QA procedure. Results : The point dose measurement results of 10 cases showed good agreement with the RTP calculation within $3\%$. One case showed more than a $3\%$ difference and the other case showed more than $5\%$, which was out side the tolerance level. We could not find any differences of more than 2 mm between the RTP leaf sequence and the dry run film. Film dosimetry and the dose distribution from the phantom plan showed the same tendency, but quantitative analysis was not possible because of the film dosimetry nature. No error had been found from the MLC control file and one mis-registration case was found before treatment. Conclusion : This study shows the usefulness and the necessity of the IMRT patient QA program. The whole procedure of this program should be peformed, especially by institutions that have just started to accumulate experience. But, the program is too complex and time consuming. Therefore, we propose practical and essential QA items for institutions in which the IMRT is performed as a routine procedure.

Development of the Career Education Teaching Materials for the 'Information and Communication Technology and Our Life' Unit ('정보 통신 기술과 생활' 단원에서 진로교육 수업자료 개발)

  • Choi, Ji-Na;Lee, Yong-Jin
    • 대한공업교육학회지
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.145-164
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study is to develope the teaching materials of career education for the 'Information and Communication Technology and Our Life' unit in the technology education. As preparation phase, in order to choose the suitable contents for career education, we analyzed the technology education curriculum and 'Information and Communication Technology and our Life' unit of technology and home economics. And then we compared and analyzed the existing related researches. After content analysis of the teaching materials for career education, we mapped the contents into career education area. In the 'Design' step of teaching, we extracted the unit design components after analyzing 'Development in Information and Communication Technology' unit of eleven text books used in 2007 revised curriculum In the 'Introduction', 'Activity', 'Arrangement' steps of teaching, by applying the SHIP model, one of career education program model, we develop the teaching materials. Then, we get expert evaluation using questionnaire and improve the suitability of the teaching materials. The results are as followings: First, our teaching materials reflect the development history of information and communication technology well, show the features of career education, and are suitable to middle school students as the teaching materials. Second, our teaching materials can help students to face various jobs related with the development of Information and communication technology, to have more interests and exploring opportunities about 'Information and Communication Technology' subject. Third, our teaching materials can help teachers to use it for the career education of 'Information and Communication Technology and our Life' unit of 2007 revised curriculum in the class time. Our teaching materials can also be used in the extra activity related to career education and the Creative Experience Activities. Furthermore, since 2009 revised curriculum includes the career education unit in the 'Information and Communication Technology' subject, our teaching materials can be used partially as the teaching materials in the future.

A Case-control Study for Assessment of Risk Factors of Breast Cancer by the p53 Mutation (p53 유전자 돌연변이에 따른 유방암의 위험 요인 구명을 위한 환자-대조군 연구)

  • Kim, Heon;Ahn, Se-Hyun;Lee, Moo-Song
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.31 no.1 s.60
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    • pp.15-26
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    • 1998
  • p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in female breast cancer tissues and the prognosis of breast cancer could be changed by mutation of the gene. This study was performed to examine risk factors for breast cancer subtypes classified by p53 mutation and to investigate the roles of p53 gene mutation in carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The study subjects were 81 breast cancer patients and 121 controls who were matched to cases 1:1 or 1:2 age, residence, education level and menopausal status. All the subjects were interviewed by a well-trained nurse with standardized questionnaire on reproductive factors, and wire asked to fill the self-administrative food frequency questionnaire. p53 gene mutation in the cancer tissue was screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method. Mutation type was identified by direct sequencing of the exon of which mobility shift was observed in SSCP analysis. Mutations were detected in p53 gene of 25 breast cancer tissues. By direct sequencing, base substitutions were found in 20 cancer tissues (10 transition and 10 transversion), and frame shift mutations in 5 (4 insertions and 1 deletion). For the whole cases and controls, risk of breast cancer incidence decreased when the parity increased, and increased when intake amount of total calory, fat, or protein increased. Eat and protein were statistically significant risk factors for breast cancer with p53 mutation. For breast cancer without p53 mutation, protein intake was the only significant dietary factor. These results suggest that causes of p53 positive breast lancer would be different from those of p53 negative cancer, and that dietary factors or related hormonal factors induce mutation of p53, which may be the first step of breast cancer development or a promoter following some unidentified genetic mutations.

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A Study on status of school health and analysis of factors affecting school nursing activities in the secondary school in Seoul (서울지역 국민학교(國民學校) 양호교사의 학교간호업무(學校看護業務) 수행정도(遂行程度)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Eun Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.50-65
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    • 1988
  • This study was conducted in order to grasp the condition of about the school nurse's service and to offer the basic materials of improving the school health service. The objects were comprised of 98 volunteered school nurses who take service in the elementary school. The material of this study was the questionaire suited to the purpose of this research which has been made through studying references and this questionaire has been corrected and revised three times. All the questionaire written by school-nurses. The results are as follows; 1. General features of the objects of study Average age was 35.9 and average career was 9.2 years. Except working as school-nurse, the past career was that average clinical-field was 3.4 years and health service was 4 months. Their educational level was as high as 72.4% of the objects were graduated from above 3 years college and 89.8% were married. 76.5% have religions and 94.8% were working at with national and public schools. 99.0% were doing only nursing service. 2. The conditions of the school health resources. The ratio of school-nurse to students was one to 2630. School-nurse to classes, one to 49.3, and school-nurse to teachers, one to 54. For total amount of a year budget of school health, from three hundred thousands to fifty nine hundred thousands won was most common. Expenses for purchasing medicine were used most. 58.2% of school-nurses hasn't known a year budget. There was an organization for school health in 74.2% of schools. 42.9% of nursing rooms were in the center of school and 88.8% were on first floor. Nursing room were used alone without being used by another purpose and the room size of 71.6% was below 10 pyong. 3. The conditions of school health service Average users of nursing room were 413 a month. The most of them had digestive trouble. Sending letters to home was 15.9 times a year. The most contents of letters was about health education. Object spent much time managing nursing room. 4. The degree of school health service When 2 points was given to "perform" and 1 point was to "not perform" the total average was 1.75, health education 1.89, environmental management 1.86, plan of project and evaluation 1.83, management of nursing room 1.82, health management 1.78, run of school health organization 1.32. 5. Correlation between the school health services and variables (1) The part of project plan and evaluation of school health service has relationship to existence or none-existence of school health organization (P<0.01), past health service career (P<0.05), number of classes (P<0.01), number of students (P<0.01), sending letters to home about health education (P<0.01) and number of users (P<0.05). (2) The part of nursing room management has relationship to ages (P<0.05) past clinical career (P<0.05), number of classes (P<0.05), number of students (P<0.05) and sending letters to home about health education (P<0.01). (3) The part of health education has relationship to existence or none-existence of school health organization (P<0.05), past clinical career (P<0.05), the ratio of health management to school nurse's all work (P<0.05) and the ratio of health education to school nurse's all work (P<0.01). (4) The part of environmental management to ages (P<0.01), career as a school-nurse (P<0.01), salary step(P<0.01), sending letters to home about health education (P<0.01), sending all letters to home (P<0.001), the ratio of health management to school nurse's all work (P<0.05), the ratio of health education to school nurse's all work (P<0.05) and area of school-nurse's room to be used. (5) The part of school health organization management to number of classes (P<0.05). (6) The part of health management to number of classes (P<0.05), sending letters to home about health education (P<0.001), sending all of letters to home (P<0.01) and the ratio of health management to school nurse's all work (P<0.05). (7) The part of school health service to ages (P<0.05), past clinical career (P<0.05), past health career (P<0.01), number of classes (P<0.05), number of student (P<0.05), sending letters to home about health education (P<0.05), sending all letters to home (P<0.05), the ratio of health management to school nurse's all work (P<0.05), the ratio of health education to school nurse's all work (P<0.01) and area of school - nurse's room to be used (P<0.05). ## Suggestion for further studies are as follows. 1. School-nurse should exert herself to advance a quality to take care of school population's health. 2. It is necessary that systematic support required to keep school population's health. 3. Home, school and community should make efforts cooperatively and the proper roles of students, teachers, health team members and parents must be achieved.

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A Study on the Identification of Animal Hair in Food (식품 중 동물 털 이물의 판별법 연구)

  • Lee, Jae-Hwang;Park, Young-Eun;Lim, Byung-Chul;Kim, Ju-Shin;Choi, Jong-Hyun;Kang, Tae Sun;Lee, Jin-Ha;Kwon, Kisung
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.57-63
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    • 2017
  • Foreign materials with a variety of types and sizes are found in food; thus, extraordinary efforts and various analytical methods are required to identify the types of foreign materials and to find out accurate causes of how they unintentionally enter food. In this study, human, cow, pig, mouse, duck, goose, dog, and cat were chosen as various types of animal hairs because they can be frequently incorporated into food during its production or consumption step. We morphologically analyzed them using stereoscopic, optical, SUMP method, and scanning electron microscopes, showing differences in each type. In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was used to analysis chemical compositions ($^{11}Na{\sim}^{92}U$, Mass%) of samples. As a result, we observed that mammalian hairs were mainly composed of sulfur. Organic compounds of samples were further analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that can compare spectra of given materials; however, this method did not show significant differences in each sample. In this study, we suggest a rapid method for the identification of the causes and types of foreign materials in food.

Relationship between water and coffee intake on Health-related Physical Fitness and obesity of women's university student (여대생의 건강체력과 비만에 대한 물과 커피 섭취량과의 관계)

  • Lee, Lu-Ry;Ko, You-Sun
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.649-658
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to verify the difference in health and obesity according to water and coffee intake. The study subject is 900 female college students. Physical fitness factors measured in this study were physical strength(grip strength, back muscle strength), muscle endurance (sit-up), Flexibility(Sit & reach) and cardiopulmonary endurance(harvard step). The factors of body composition (intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, protein, mineral, body water content, muscle mass, lean body mass, body fat mass) and obesity (BMI, body fat percentage, abdominal fat percentage, obesity) were measured with the Inbody equipment. SPSS program was used for all data analysis. Group differences were verified by two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. The results are as follows. There was no interaction effect between water and coffee intake on health and obesity. Therefore, the difference of the dependent variables according to each independent variable was verified. There was no significant difference in physical fitness according to water intake and coffee intake, but there was a significant difference in body composition (intracellular fluid, protein, minerals, body water, muscle mass and lean body mass). Water drinking group more than 7 cups had significantly higher body composition than the 1-4 cups water drinking group. In the case of coffee, the body composition of the 3 cup intake group was significantly higher than that of the none intake group. Obesity was significantly higher than the none intake and 1-2 cup intake groups. Based on the study results, water intake was not related to obesity, but coffee was related. For further studies, it would be better to consider gender and age differences in drinking various beverages such as water and coffee and that would be used to suggest a desirable way of water intake according to individual characteristics of the better health.

Analysis of the Dose Distribution of Moving Organ using a Moving Phantom System (구동팬텀 시스템에 의한 움직이는 장기의 선량분포 분석)

  • Kim, Yon-Lae;Park, Byung-Moon;Bae, Yong-Ki;Kang, Min-Young;Lee, Gui-Won;Bang, Dong-Wan
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: Few researches have been peformed on the dose distribution of the moving organ for radiotherapy so far. In order to simulate the organ motion caused by respiratory function, multipurpose phantom and moving device was used and dosimetric measurements for dose distribution of the moving organs were conducted in this study. The purpose of our study was to evaluate how dose distributions are changed due to respiratory motion. Materials and Methods: A multipurpose phantom and a moving device were developed for the measurement of the dose distribution of the moving organ due to respiratory function. Acryl chosen design of the phantom was considered the most obvious choice for phantom material. For construction of the phantom, we used acryl and cork with density of $1.14g/cm^3,\;0.32g/cm^3$ respectively. Acryl and cork slab in the phantom were used to simulate the normal organ and lung respectively. The moving phantom system was composed of moving device, moving control system, and acryl and cork phantom. Gafchromic film and EDR2 film were used to measure dose ditrbutions. The moving device system may be driven by two directional step motors and able to perform 2 dimensional movements (x, z axis), but only 1 dimensional movement(z axis) was used for this study. Results: Larger penumbra was shown in the cork phantom than in the acryl phantom. The dose profile and isodose curve of Gafchromic EBT film were not uniform since the film has small optical density responding to the dose. As the organ motion was increased, the blurrings in penumbra, flatness, and symmetry were increased. Most of measurements of dose distrbutions, Gafchromic EBT film has poor flatness and symmetry than EDR2 film, but both penumbra distributions were more or less comparable. Conclusion: The Gafchromic EBT film is more useful as it does not need development and more radiation dose could be exposed than EDR2 film without losing film characteristics. But as response of the optical density of Gafchromic EBT film to dose is low, beam profiles have more fluctuation at Gafchromic EBT. If the multipurpose phantom and moving device are used for treatment Q.A, and its corrections are made, treatment quality should be improved for the moving organs.

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