• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 1988

Recent studies have shown that narcotic drugs produce an intense prolonged analgesic action when injected into the subarachnoidal or extradural space of animals and man. In order to study the effects of intrathecal injection of morphine on postoperative pain relief and segmental block effect, we administered 0.25 mg of morphine sulfate (0.25 mg of morphine/1 ml normal saline) into lumbar subarachnoid space prior to brahial plexus block for upper extremity surgery group The results were as follows: 1) more than 20 hours analgesic effect at least 2) no segemental block effect in analgesia 3) some adverse effect (Nausea, Vomiting, Pruritus, Urinary retention).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 1991

Continuous epidural analgesia is widely used in pain management. We investigates the incidence of contamination of epidural catheters used in epidural catheters for pain control. The tips of epidural catheters were examined for bacterial growth after use. In culture from 250 patients undergoing continuous epidural catheterization, 33(13.2%) catheters were found to be contaminated: staphylococcus epidermis 66.9%; staphylococcus aureus 12.1%; alpha streptococcus 12.1%; and others 9.1%. One significant epidural infection occured. One of the most common causes of the epidural infection during long time epidural block is the transmission of the microorganism from the contaminated skin to the epidural space along the epidural catheter. To prevent epidural infection, sterilization of the skin around the epidural catheter is essential.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of joint mobilization and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain threshold and hormonal changes in patients with chronic LBP. Methods: 14 patients with chronic LBP were divided into the experimental group and the control group with 7 patients each, and both groups of patients were evaluated on pain duration, blood tests, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) on their first visit. On their second visit, joint mobilization was applied to the experimental group for 10 min and TENS to the control group for 20 min. Results: Pain threshold and duration of analgesia increased from after treatment in the experimental group. Serotonin and Cortisol decreased after treatment in the experimental group. Conclusion: Joint mobilization in patients with chronic LBP caused an increase in pain duration and pain thresholds and a decrease in serotonin, whereas there was little difference in cortisol.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 1991

Continuous epidural analgesia with intermittent morphine injection is a good technique for the management of intractabie cancer pain. Since epidural tunnelling was introduced for the first time to our institution in 1988, it has been widely used for the cancer pain management. Recently epidural tunnelling was introduced for the keeping an inserted catheter for a long period of time. Twenty-five patients with terminal cancer had been used an epidural tunnelling at the pain clinic of Dongsan Medical Center during the period of 3 months in 1991. Among the 25 patients, 14 were male and 11 were female, and most of them were at the ages of 6th decade. The causes of pain were from stomach cancer in 12, CBD cancer in 3, hepatoma in 2, pancreatic cancer in 2, uterine cervical cancer in 2, and miscellaneous cancer in 4 cases respectively. The outcome of treatment were excellent results in 14(56%), good in 9(36%), and moderate in 2.patients(8%). Accordingly satisfactory pain relief was achieved in 92% of the patients. It is suggested that this long-term management of intractable cancer pain by epidural bupivacaine and morphine with epidural tunnelling is satisfactory and reliable.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 1998

Background: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common operation in children. Postoperative pain and its sequelae are universal complaints of the patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nalbuphine on the posttonsillectomy pain in children. Methods: Fifty-four pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of the 3 groups 1) control group who received no analgesics, 2) received IV nalbuphine before induction of anesthesia and 3) received IV nalbuphine after both tonsillectomy. In postanesthetic recovery room, comfort level in all patients was assessed using the objective pain scale (OPS). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured at just before and immediately after extubation and postanesthetic recovery room. Results: The pain scale score in group 2 was significantly lower than group 1, but no significantly different with group 3. There were no significant differences in blood pressure among three groups. The heart rate in group 2 and 3 was significantly lower than group 1 only at immediately after arriving recovery room. Conclusions: Administration of nalbuphine before induction is more effective on postoperative pain control after tonsillectomy in children.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.258-262
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• 1998

Background: In view of the safety and effectiveness of butorphanol as a postoperative analgesic, we designed to compare its activity and side effects with those of ketoprofen, when administered intramuscularly. Methods: Ninety four patients, scheduled for elective total abdominal hysterectomy, received either ketoprofen 100 mg (ketoprofen group) or butorphanol 2 mg (butorphanol group) intramuscularly after surgery. For the first six hours after injection of butorphanol or ketoprofen, the patients were asked to reevaluate the intensity of pain, using numeric rating scale (NRS) and pain score. If the pain score was above 2, supplemental ketoprofen was administered IM. Incidence of side effects were also checked. Results: Butorphanol group showed lower NRS and pain score for the first four hours compared to ketoprofen group, but the incidence of drowsiness was higher in butorphanol group. There were no significant difference in the incidence of other side effects such as nausea and dizziness. In both group, there were neither respiratory depression nor pruritus. Conclusions: Butorphanol gave better relief of postoperative pain compared to ketoprofen. Butorphanol might be a useful drug for postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy with minor side effects.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2006

Purpose: This study is purposed to provide basic data needed in constructing the educational contents about cancer pain management for the health care professionals. Methods: This study surveyed the degree of knowledge in cancer pain management of clinical nurses and doctors. Subjects were clinical 143 nurses and 88 doctors in 3 cities. The tool used are 32-item scale for evaluation of health care professionals' knowledge modified by Kim(1997), which was originally developed by McCaffery and Ferrel(1995). Results: The level of the health care professionals' knowledge about and attitude toward pain management were insufficient. The level of the doctors' knowledge and attitude showed higher score than those of the nurses'. The knowledge of health professional who were not hesitated to administrate analgesia was showed more higher than who were hesitated to do. Conclusion: Nurses need more knowledge and effective attitude toward cancer pain management. Various and sufficient educational program about cancer pain management can be contribute to improve the nursing quality of cancer pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.131-133
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• 1997

Number of elderly patients requiring nerve blocks have been increasing in recent years. We had two elderly patients who suffered stroke one day and three days after lumbar facet joint block and lumbar single epidural block respectively. Both patients due to their advanced age had potential risk factor to suffer one or more of the following; stroke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Due to our experience with these patients, we suggested the following: (1) Nerve blocks should be reconsidered for elderly patient who posesses a potential risk factor to suffer a stroke. (2) Prior to invasive block administration of mild sedatives or analgesics may provide beneficial effects for patients with hypertension. (3) Adequately informed consent must be fully discussed time of consultation with patient scheduled for nerve block especially for elderly and risky patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 1997

Background : The tonsillar region is innervated by the sensory components of the glossopharyngeal nerve(IX) which communicates with certain part of cervical sympathetic ganglion. Some authors suggest stellate ganglion block(SGB) is effective for treatment of recurrent tonsillitis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of SGB in controlling pain after tonsillectomy. Methods : Forty five patients, evaluated to ASA class 1 and 2, scheduled for tonsillectomy under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (group I: control; group II: SGB with 1% lidocaine 5 ml; group III: SGB with 2% lidocaine 2.5 ml plus 0.5% bupivacaine 2.5 ml), SGB was performed at the end of surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed with Numeric Rating Scale(NRS) NRS assessment was made 30, 60, 90 min, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h after tonsillectomy. Results : Pain scores, after 30 min in group II, III and 60, 90 min in group III were significantly lower than group I(p<0.05). Conclusions : We found SGB was effective in controlling pain after tonsillectomy but further studies are required needs to prolong duration of relief..

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.119-123
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• 1998

It is well known that many patients with trigeminal neuralgia suffer from electric shock-like stabbing pains. The pain can be triggered by nonnoxious stimuli such as touching of the face, chewing, talking or swallowing. This 62 year old woman was urgently admitted to the internal medicine department due to abdominal distention and severe general weakness. She has suffered characteristic violent pain triggered by chewing and swallowing for little over 4 years. This resulted in poor oral feeding for prolonged period which left her severely debilitated. The large amount of ascites that developed 20 days before admission and extreme emaciation forced her to bed rest. She also suffered from Herpes Zoster. After medical treatment to improve liver function and severe pain was persisted, the patient was referred to our department for control of pain. We performed right mandibular block with 1% dibucaine 0.4 ml and the effect was excellent. After the pain had subsided, patient was able to take meals more comfortably and improved liver function returned.