• Title/Summary/Keyword: Anaerobic Degradation

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Reductive degradation of Chlorinated compounds by using Iron Minerals (철 광물에 의한 염소계 유기화합물의 환원적분해)

  • Kim, Sung-Kuk;Park, Sang-Won
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2004
  • Chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds are non-degradable substances that are extremely toxic and are known to be carcinogens and mutation causing agents. Moreover, the half-lives of substances such as carbon tetrachloride, hexachloroethane and nitroaromatic compounds are several decades. In this study, the optimal conditions to detoxify chlorinated compounds by the reductive degradation were investigated. The following results were obtained in the reductive degradation of CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/, C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$, and C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ by using Fe, FeS and FeS$_2$ as mediators. CCl$_4$ was reduced to CH$_2$Cl$_3$ and CH$_2$Cl$_2$in anaerobic conditions when FeS was used as a mediator. While the reduction of CCl$_4$ to CHCl$_3$ was rapidly proceeded, the reduction of CHCl$_3$ to CH$_2$Cl$_2$ was occurred slowly. Further reduction to CH$_3$Cl was not observed. Unlike CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was degraded to C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$. C$_2$HCl$_3$ and cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$ by complicated pathways such as hydrogenolysis, dehalo-elimination and dehydrohalogenation. A small amount of C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ was detected only in the early stages of the reduction. However, majority of the C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was reduced to C$_2$Cl$_4$. cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$C1$_2$ was the only product among other possible isomers.

Enhanced hydrogen fermentation of food waste (음식물쓰레기를 이용한 수소발효 시 효율향상에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Sun-Kee;Kim, Hyun-Woo;Shin, Hang-Sik
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.105-113
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    • 2003
  • Successful operation of a reactor can be accomplished when it is operated at proper D depending on the state of degradation. Operation at high D leads to the washout of biomass in the reactor while operation at low D leads to product inhibition due to the accumulation of excess VFA. These appear to limit the production of hydrogen to reach a higher level. Operation by D control was performed to improve the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation of food waste. Although simple organic matters were rapidly degraded in the early stage (day 1-2), proper VFA concentration and pH values were kept in the reactor at D of $4.5d^{-1}$, which was previously reported to be optimum initial D. High butyrate/acetate (B/A) ratios over 3.2 were obtained. Without D control, the reduction of simple organic matters after day 2 caused the decrease of VFA production and the increase of pH. Hydrogen production also decreased, as microbial proliferation was less than microbial loss by washout. However, the reactor performance was dramatically improved at D control from 4.5 to $2.3d^{-1}$. It showed the highest B/A ratios over 2.0 among the reactors on day 4-7. The second hydrogen peak appeared on day 4, resulting in the highest fermentation efficiency (70.8%) among the reactors. It was caused by the enhanced degradation of slowly degradable matters. The COD removed was converted to hydrogen (19.3%), VFA (36.5%), and ethanol (15.0%). Therefore, the strategy using D control, depending on the state of degradation, was effective in improving the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation.

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The study on increasing of biodegradability by pre-treatment of municipal wasted sludge in anaerobic digestion process (도시하수슬러지의 전처리에 따른 혐기성 소화공정의 생분해율 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Chang-Min
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.87-95
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    • 2002
  • The slow degradation rate of sludge in anaerobic digestion is due to rate-limiting step of sludge hydrolysis. To upgrading of sludge hydrolysis and biodegradabiliry, the pre-treatment had been carried out using acidlc (pH 1.5, 3, 4, 5) and alkaline (pH 9, 10, 13), thermal (50, 100, 150, $200^{\circ}C$), and ultrasonic treatment (400W, 20kHz, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90min). In the best conditions of each treatment, the Soluble SCOD Ratio(%)of treated/untreated sample were increased 102% in acid (pH5), 986% in alkali (pH 13), 595% in thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) and 1123% in ultrasonic (35min) treatment. As the result, the ultrasonic treatment was most effective, followed by alkali, thermal, acid treatment. In the effects of total gas productivity in vial test, the thermal ($200^{\circ}C$) pre-treatment was the highest, followed by thermal ($150^{\circ}C$), ultrasonic (90min), alkaline (pH 9), and ultrasonic (50min). We compared untreated samples and the most efficient pre-treatment samples(at $200^{\circ}C$, for 30min) on gas productivity with changes of HRT in continuous experiments IN thermal treated samples were 2.5 times in SCOD, 2 times in soluble protein and 3.3 times high in soluble carbohydrate than untreated ones. In gas productivity, the thermal treated samples were average 2 times high than untreated ones. And HRT 7 days was most effective. followed by HRT 10, HRT 15 days. But The gas productiviry of HRT 2.5 days was less than untreated, the reason of low gas productivity was come from high organic acids accumulation within reactor.

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Changes of Methanogenic Pathway with Incubation Temperatures in the Littoral Sediment of Reservoir Paldang, Korea (팔당호 연안대 저질토에서 배양온도에 따른 메탄발생 경로의 변화)

  • Kim, Mi-Kyeong;Cho, Kang-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.34 no.1 s.93
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    • pp.54-61
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    • 2001
  • Changes in methanogenic pathway at low temperature were studied by incubation experiments of sediment slurries from the littoral zone of Reservoir Paldang. Methane production rates in sediment slurries increased exponentially between $5^{\circ}C$and $45^{\circ}C$, reached a maximum rate of $7.4\;nmol\;{\cdot}\;g^{-1}\;{\cdot}\;h^{-1}$ at $45^{\circ}C$, and then declined to low rate. The shift of incubation temperature from high temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) to lowtemperature ($15^{\circ}C$) resulted in a decrease of methane production rate and of hydrogen accumulation rate, and the transient accumulation of acetate concentration. Chlorofarm inhibited perfectly methanogenesis and resulted in the accumulation of hydrogen and acetate as immediate precursors for metltane formation at both incubation temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. In terms of equivalent methane which was calculated from the two intermediary metabolites accumulated in absence of methanogenesis, methane production from acetate was accounted for 14% of total methanogenesis at $30^{\circ}C$ and 75% at $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. When the high acetate concentrations above 19 mM were added to sediment slurries, methane production was inhibited at the low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) . Our results demonstrate that contribution of acetate on methanogenesis increases at low temperature, but this pathway is inhibited by high concentration of acetate. Therefore acetate-utilizing methanogensis appears to be a key reaction at low temperature, and seems to be one of bottlenecks of the low temperature anaerobic degradation of organic matter in littoral sediments of the reservoir.

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An experimental study to develop operation technique of solid waste landfill for utilization of biomass (바이오매스 활용형 폐기물 매립지공법 개발을 위한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Hye-Jin;Park, Jin-Kyu;Jeong, Min-Kyo;Lee, Nam-hoon
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.171-177
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    • 2007
  • In order to investigate the effect of the methanogenic bacteria in bacteria in leachate on the degradability of landfill waste, this study has created 4 cylinder-shape PVC lysimeters (Diameter: 30cm, Height: 200cm, Volume: 140L) and for the biological treatment and recirculation of the leachate, two anaerobic batch reactors (Diameter: 20cm, Height: 30cm) were created. To simulate a conventional landfill, no recycling was done in L1. In L2, 1,068ml of leachate (twice of rainfall amount) was recycled. In L3 and L4, the leachate was anaerobically digested in a dark room (with $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) for a week and them recycled by 1,064ml and 2,128ml, respectively, with recycled water only. In terms of cumulative $CH_4$ production, however, L3 and L4 were much higher (three times) than L1 and L2. Between L3 and L4, the latter was 1.23 times higher than the former in terms of cumulative CH4 production. In other words, the more the methanogenic bacteria-activated leachate is recycled, the more active the degradation due to active methane fermentation by the recyled methanogenic bacteria. And methane recovery is different according to the amount of recycled the methanogenic bacteria in leachate.

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Characteristics of Leachate with Passed Time in Expired Landfill (사용종료매립지에서 시간경과에 따른 침출수의 특성)

  • Kim, Eun-Ho;Kim, Hyeong-Seok;Sung, Nak-Chang;Heo, Jong-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.136-141
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    • 1997
  • In this study, we can be obtained the following conclusions about the characteristics of leachate with passed time in the expired landfill. Compared with the expired landfilling H. and S., pH shows a tendency to increase in E., because $NH_3$ is created by anaerobic degradation and dissolved in leachate. The initial BOD and COD of E. and S. are high in similar concentration but H. is low, Since the organics of waste in H. are lower than in E. and S. during landfilling. SS of E. in concentration is increased and very altered, because food of combustible in E. is higher than it in H. and S.. According to passed time, T-N is high in concentration but T-P shows a similar tendency. Heavy metals of leachate is lower than threshold concentrations. If leachate is treated biologically, microbes are not inibitory.

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Evaluation of different types of mixed microbial culture for biomethanation of CO2 (식종슬러지 종류에 따른 이산화탄소 이용 바이오메탄 생산 비교)

  • Kim, Tae-Hoon;Lim, Byung-Seo;Yi, Sung-Ju;Yun, Gwang-Sue;Ahn, Byung-Kyu;Enkhtsog, Michidmaa;Yun, Yeo-Myeong
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.65-72
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    • 2020
  • The aims of this study were to compare the biomethanation of CO2 through specific methanogenic activity (SMA) test which was inoculated with four different types of mixed microbial culture obtained from full-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) plants. The experimental results showed that CH4 conversion was the highest in the samples inoculated by seed sludge taken from ADs of food waste and brewery; under this condition, the produced biomethane contains 89.3-91.9% of CH4. Meanwhile, the lowest level was obtained in the sample from sewage sludge. The measured ratio of CH4 production rate to CO2 consumption rate in all reactors was higher than the theoretical value (1) in the middle of the period and soon dropped to 0.7-0.8. It might be due to changed metabolic pathways in the reactor by the degradation of residual organic matter and the increased activity of homoacetogenic bacteria.

Biochemical Methane Potential of Agricultural Residues and Influence of Ensiling on Methane Production (시설농업부산물의 잠재메탄발생량 평가 및 사일로 저장에 따른 메탄 발생 변화)

  • Lee, Yu Jin;Cho, Han Sang;Kim, Jae Young;Kang, Jungu;Rhee, Sungsu;Kim, Kyuyeon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.34 no.11
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    • pp.765-771
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    • 2012
  • In this study, the biochemical methane potentials of different agricultural residues produced from agricultural plastic greenhouse were determined. Additionally, ensiling storage practice was applied on agricultural residues for its effect on biogas production. Agricultural residues of cabbage, strawberry, tomato, cucumber, and oriental melon were selected as sample. The methane potential and biodegradability of agricultural residues ranged from 149~286 mL-$CH_4/g$-VS, 27~48% (by vol.), respectively and methane production was in order of cabbage > oriental melon > strawberry ${\approx}$ cucumber > tomato. Ensiling caused difference in methane production in a range of -11~36% (by vol.) per VS compared with raw material. An increase in methane potential was presumably linked to the organic acid accumulation, cellulose degradation and decrease in methane potential was due to chemical composition change, ammonia accumulation during the storage process.

Biodegradation of a Reactive Dye, Remazol Black B in a UASB Reactor (UASB 반응기를 이용한 반응성 염료 Remazol Black B의 분해)

  • Oh, You-Kwan;Lee, Sung-Ho;Kim, Hyo-Seob;Kim, Yu-Jin;Lee, Sang-Joon;Park, Sung-Hoon
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.688-695
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    • 1999
  • Biodegradation of the reactive dye, Remazol Black B was investigated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor. Important parameters studied include dye concentration(20-60 mg/L), glucose concentration as a co-substrate(1,000-3,000 mg/L), hydraulic retention time(3-24 hr), and influent pH(6.0-8.0). Under most conditions tested, the molecules of Black B were degraded readily and completely according to HPLC chromatograms. However, the color removal efficiency based on spectroscopic measurement was always approximately 75%. This suggests that the degradation products have some color intensity corresponding to 25% of the original dye molecules. The maximum influent dye concentration which satisfies the legal discharge limit of color intensity of 400 ADMI was 13 mg/L. and the highest removal rate at this dye concentration was 104 mg/L${\cdot}$day.

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A Case Study of Monitored Natural Attenuation at the Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Site : II. Evaluation of Natural Attenuation by Groundwater Monitoring (유류오염부지에서 자연저감기법 적용 사례연구 II. 지하수모니터링에 의한 자연저감 평가)

  • Yun Jeong Ki;Lee Min Hyo;Lee Suk Young;Noh Hoe Jung;Kim Moon Soo;Lee Kang Kun;Yang Chang Sool
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.38-48
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    • 2004
  • Natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbon was investigated at an industrial complex about 45 Km away from Seoul. The three-years monitoring results indicated that the concentrations of DO, nitrate, and sulfate in the contaminated area were significantly lower than the background monitoring groundwater under the non-contaminated area. The results also showed a higher ferrous iron concentration, a lower redox potential, and a higher (neutral) pH in the contaminated groundwater, suggesting that biodegradation of TEX(Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) is the major on-going process in the contaminated area. Groundwater in the contaminated area is anaerobic, and sulfate reduction is the dominant terminal electron accepting process in the area. The total attenuation rate was about 0.0017∼0.0224day$^{-1}$ and the estimated first-order degradation rate constant(λ) was 0.0008∼0.0106day$^{-1}$ . However, the reduction of TEX concentration in the groundwater was resulted from not only biodegradation but also dilution and reaeration through recharge of uncotaminated surface and groundwater. The natural attenuation was, therefore, found to be an effective, on-going remedial process at the site.