• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

This work discusses the palm oil mill processing carried out at Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd, situated at Selangor, Malaysia with the capacity of 45-t fresh fruit bunch (FFB)/h. Typically, oil palm residues and palm oil mill effluent (POME) from FFB are generated while processing. Prior to discharge, POME should be treated to remove pollutants in the effluent. As such, the performances of anaerobic and aerobic ponds were assessed in this study to determine temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), sludge volume index (SVI), and dissolved oxygen (DO). From the experiments, mesophilic temperature due to better process stability was applied in anaerobic ponds. The pH results displayed a fluctuating trend between lower control limit and upper control limit, and, the pH value increased from one pond to another. The final discharge BOD and SVI appeared to be lower than 100 mg/L and 10 mL/L indicating low degree of pollution and good settling ability for biomass/solid. DO was close to normal, mostly below 2 mg/L. The experimental outcomes revealed the effective treatability of POME in adherence to the standard regulation, which is the priority for environmental sustainability within this industry domain.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.834-845
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• 1995

This study was conducted in order to establish an in vitro method simulating the physiological function of fibers along the large intestine of humans. Commercial fibers including guar gum, apple pectin, citrus pectin, CM-cellulose, alginic acid and $\alpha$-cellulose, and dietary fiber residues obtained from rice bran, barley, soybean, Korea cabbage, apple, tangerine and sea mustard were employed to determine the water-holding capacity, weight of hydrated residue and fiber content after anaerobic fermentation using human fecal inoculum for 24 hours, followed by dialysis under osmotic suction pressure. The weight of hydrated residue in commercial fibers was in the decreasing order of CM-cellulose > alginic acid, $\alpha$-cellulose > apple pectin, citrus pectin > guar gum and that in food fiber residues was in the decreasing order of rice bran, sea mustard > soybean > tangerine, Korean cabbage > barley > apple. It was demonstrated that the larger the weight of hydrated residue was, the more the weight of human stool increased. Consequently this in vitro method can be used as a preceeding test before undertaking animal or human experiment to predict the physiological effects of fiber residues from diverse food samples as well as commercially refined fibers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 1995

In this study, authors investigated the cadmium tolerance, the accumulation of cadmium, and the cellular distribution of accumlated cadmium in lactic acid bacteria under the anaerobic condition. Lactic acid bacteria grew fairly well in modified EG medium containing 10 ppm of cadmium but could hardly grow at 50 ppm of cadmium. Tolerance to cadmium of genus Lactobacillus was greater than that of genus Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the higest cadmium tolerance amomg the bacteria tested. The capacity of cadmium accumlation (9.304-12.428 mg/g wet cell) of lactic acid bacteria was higher than that (6.775 mg/g wet cell) of Escherichia coli. Lactobacillus casei of them took up the largest amount of cadmium. The cadmium elimination amount (28.46-29.25%) of lactic acid bacteria from modified EG medium containing cadmium were also higher than that (14.43%) of Escherichia coli. Accumulated cadmium in Lactobacillus acidophilus was distributed by 42.41% at cell wall, 28.97% at cytoplasm, and 28.62% at plasma membrane, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.789-794
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• 1999

The performance of a small on-site wastewater treatment system consisting of an anaerobic septic tank and upgraded absorbent biofilter was investgted . The anaerobic septic tank was used as a pre-treatment of the absorbent Biofitler instead of the primary clarifier. The treatment capacity of the system was examined by changing the hydraulinc loadings to the Absorbent Biofilter as 2.5㎥/day , 4.5㎥/day, 6.0㎥/day, respective. The effluent from the septic tank was fed into the Absorbent Bilfilter. Based on the experimental results, the quality of treated wastewater satisfied the regulation and the BOD and SS was removed down to approximately 5mg/$\ell$ and 1mg/$\ell$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to review of technical, economical feasibilities regarding Integrated Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion(ITPAD) method. In order for that, operation conditions and data with 24tpd capacity of operating ITPAD plant were analyzed. The result showed that VS removal efficiency was 73.7% and total amount of biogas was generated $1,239m^3/day$ on the average that represents $54.4m^3/ton$-input of generation efficiency. ITPAD had advantages in terms of required area and energy for heating which were analyzed 15.9%~47%, 11.6%~17.8% lower respectively compared to Conventional Separated Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion(CSTPAD) method. Thus, it is considered the ITPAD has comparatively high feasibility to be expanded and commercialized to dispose high concentration organic matter of waste such as food waste and its leachate.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2006

This study has been conducted for the process of food wastes disposal using surplus capacity of established sewage treatment plant by co-digestion of fermented food wastes and sewage sludge after thermophilic acid fermentation of food wastes. The co-digestion of thermophilic acid fermented food wastes and sewage sludge was performed by semi-continous method in mesophilic anaerobic digestion reactor. It showed great digestion efficiency as the average SCOD and VS removal efficiency in organic loading rate 3.30g VS/L.d. were 74.2% and 73.6%, and the gas production rate and average methane content were 0.440 L/g $VS_{add}.d$ and 66.5%, respectively. Based on the results of this study, the co-digestion of thermophilic acid fermented food wastes and sewage sludge in sewage treatment plant is able to improve treatment efficiency of anaerobic digestion reactor and to dispose food wastes simultaneously, and was proved excellent economical efficiency comparing with any other treatment methods.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.58-64
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• 2014

Management of organic waste such as livestock manure has been considered as very important issue in terms of the environment. The anaerobic digestion of livestock manure become more attractive treatment method and has been widely applied. In this work, the properties of the residue after the anaerobic digestion of livestock manure was evaluated for providing the basic data to develop new application. The lignin and the ash contents of the residue were much higher than those of other biomass such as wood. The components of the residue were also analyzed with SEM-EDS and Elemental Analyzer. The addition of the residue into the handsheet paper resulted in the higher bulk and he higher air permeability with the loss of the strength properties. The water holding capacity of the handsheet were increased until the 40 % addition of the residue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.437-443
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• 2020

Biological phosphorus removal is accomplished by exposing PAO(phosphorus accumulating organisms) to anaerobic-aerobic conversion conditions. In the anaerobic condition, PAO synthesize PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate) and simultaneously hydrolysis of poly-p resulting phosphorus(Pi) release. In aerobic condition, PAO uptake phosphorus(Pi) more than they have released. In this study, cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., which is known to be able to synthesize PHB like PAO, was exposed to anaerobic-aerobic conversion. If Synechococcus sp. can remove excess phosphorus by the same mechanism as PAO, synergistic effects can occur through photosynthesis. Moreover, Synechococcus sp. is known to be capable of synthesizing PHB using inorganic carbon as well as organic carbon, so even if the available capacity of organic carbon decreases, it was expected to show stable phosphorus removal efficiency. In 6 hours of anaerobic condition, phosphorus release occurred in both inorganic and organic carbon conditions but SPRR(specific phosphorus release rate) of both conditions was 10 mg-P/g-MLSS/day, which was significantly lower than that of PAO. When converting to aerobic conditions, SPUR(specific phosphorus uptake rate) was about 9 mg-P/g-MLSS/day in both conditions, showing a higher uptake rate than the control condition showing SPUR of 6.4 mg-P/g-MLSS/day. But there was no difference in terms of the total amount of removal. According to this study, at least, it seems to be inappropriate to apply Synechococcus sp. to luxury uptake process for phosphorus removal.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 2004

Despite its significance in understanding ecological structure and biogeochemical element cycles, there have been few studies on the microbial mineralization of organic matter and mineralization pathway in the intertidal flat of Korea. We measured anaerobic mineralization of organic matter and sulfate reduction rate, and evaluated the significance of sulfate reduction in total anaerobic carbon respiration at the southern part of Ganghwa Island. Depth-integrated carbon mineralization rate down to 6 cm depth ranged from 41.9 to $89.4mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$, which accounted for approximately 216 tons of organic matter mineralization in entire intertidal flat area of Ganghwa($300km^2$). The results indicated that capacity for the organic matter mineralization in the Ganghwa tidal flat is comparable to highly productive salt marsh environments. Mineralization rates in the sediment amended with acetate were 2~5 times higher than in unamended sediment. The results implied that microbial mineralization was limited by the availability of organic substrates, and the organic matter mineralization capacity seems to be higher than estimated at ambient organic substrate level. Depth-integrated sulfate reduction rates within 6 cm depth of the sediment ranged from 20.7 to $45.1mmol\;SO{_4}^{2-}m^{-2}d^{-1}$, and sulfate reduction was mostly responsible for organic matter remineralization. It should be noticed that the increase of $H_2S$ in the sulfate reduction dominated tidal flat may result in the decrease of biological diversity.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.669-685
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the nutrient value and yield response of corn, barley, and sudangrass by the application of anaerobic liquid fertilizer in two tidal land soil in order to design the resource recycling agricultural system between livestock and forage crop cultivation in a environment friendly agricultural region. Forage crop yields at reclaimed tidal soil during were at the level of 64~76% comparing with forage crop yields at upland soil in the cropping system of corn, barley, and sudangrass. And yields of forage crops were in the order of barley > corn > sudangrass in the cultivated cropping system for 2 year. Relative feed values (RFVs) of forage crops were 88%~106% for corn, 90%~111% for barley, and 91%~113% for sudangrass, and the carrying capacity of beef cattle (Hanwoo) was 5.8~8.6 head/year/ha for the corn-barley cropping system of one year, and 4.8~6.7 head/year/ha for the barley-sudangrass cropping system of one year. Also, carrying capacity of beef cattle (Hanwoo) was highest in the application level of anaerobic liquid fertilizer 200%.