• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 주로 건축자재에 많이 사용된 백석면과 갈석면을 대상으로 산 및 열처리 과정에 따른 두 석면의 특성변화를 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 산처리 과정에 따른 백석면의 굴절률, 신장부호, 소광특성은 대체로 산처리하지 않은 백석면 초기 특성과 유사하게 나타났지만 pH 1.2의 강한 산성용액에서 8주 경과 후, 미지의 입자가 형성되는 등 백석면 고유의 특성이 소실되었다. 산처리 과정에 따른 백석면 구성성분의 중량비(%)는 규소의 경우, 크게 변하진 않았지만, 산소와 마그네슘의 경우, 중량비(%)가 다소 변동하였다. 갈석면의 경우, 굴절률, 신장부호, 소광특성은 pH 및 경과시간과 상관없이 산처리하지 않은 갈석면과 동일하게 나타났으며, 갈석면 구성성분의 중량비(%)는 철의 경우, 산처리 과정에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 산소는 이와 반대로 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 규소와 마그네슘은 산처리 전 후 유사하게 나타났다. 열처리 과정에 따른 백석면 굴절률은 온도가 높아질수록 수평방향, 수직방향의 굴절률이 모두 증가하였으며, 신장부호는 $1,100^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 가열했을 때 (+)에서 (-)로 변하였고, 소광특성은 변하지 않았다. 열처리 과정에 따른 백석면 구성성분의 중량비(%)는 규소의 경우, 중량비(%)는 크게 변하진 않았지만, 산소와 마그네슘의 경우, 온도별 열처리 과정에 따라 중량비(%)가 크게 변동하였다. 갈석면의 경우, 굴절률은 온도가 높아질수록 수평방향, 수직방향 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 열처리 과정에서 신장부호 및 소광특성은 변하지 않았다. 갈석면 구성성분의 중량비(%)는 산소와 철의 경우, 온도별 열처리 과정에 따라 중량비(%)가 크게 변동하였지만, 규소와 마그네슘은 전반적으로 온도 및 가열시간과 상관없이 열처리하지 않은 갈석면과 유사하게 나타났다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.288-296
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• 2009

We conducted validation for asbestos quality control (QC) samples made by the developed method which was presented in our published paper. The main results of the validation study are as follows. The pooled coefficient variations of analytical results in three different concentrations (low, medium, and high concentration) for amosite and chrysotile were less than 20 %, which met the sample homogenicity criteria of NIOSH. Also we confirmed the homogenicity of asbestos samples by using the relocatable field slide. To evaluate the field applicability of the developed asbestos QC samples, the field validation was performed with four proficient asbestos analysts by using the statistical methods of AIHA asbestos PAT program. All analytical results from four asbestos analysts were located in the acceptable range.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2001

To establish an accurate asbestos analysis method for workplace samples, chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite asbestos fibers were analyzed for their morphology, atomic content and electron diffraction patterns. The morphology of asbestos fiber was evaluated in $10,000{\times}$ magnification. The atomic contents was analyzed by X-ray analyzer (TEM-EDX). Asbestos fibers were further assessed using electron diffraction (ED) patterns to provide an additional criterion for classifying the asbestos fibers. Twenty asbestos fibers were initially randomly selected for morphological evaluation; based on an aspect ratio (length : diameter = 3:1). Then the fibers were determined for their EDX spectrums and ED patterns. Our results showed that only chrysotile fiber has a hollow tube structure to be distinguished from other asbestos fibers. Although asbestos fibers had similar morphology, they had different EDX spectrums and ED patterns. Our results on the atomic content of asbestos fibers were very similar to those of other researchers, but amosite and crocidolite had a little difference in atomic content compared with the results from other researchers. The difference may be due to the difference in equipment or asbestos sample selection. A study on asbestos samples from biological specimens to establish a criterion for determining occupational asbestos exposed diseases should be done in the near future.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2014

Objectives: Chrysotile is mineralogically distinct from amphiboles, displaying a notably different chemical structure. The thin sheets that form chrysotile fiber lead to the ability of the lung/macrophage system to decompose the chrysotile fibers. This study was performed in order to compare the physicochemical characteristics of Korean asbestos with those of Canadian amphiboles. Materials: An acid solubility test for each test substance was done to compare pH 4.5 and pH 1.2 distilled water. Asbestos fibers which had been placed in acid solutions for five days, five weeks and weeks were analyzed with a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDS). Results: The composition element (Mg) of Korean chrysotile, Korean anthophyllite and Canadian amosite significantly decreased from 5 days and also decreased significantly after 5 weeks and 10 weeks. Only the composition (Mg) of Canadian crocidolite did not change under any conditions. From 5 days, the Mg of Korean chrysotile, Korean anthophyllite and Canadian amosite were significantly lower than before the acid treatment, but there were no changes over time or by the pH of the acid solutions. Particularly after 10 weeks, the composition (Mg) of Korean chrysotile in the pH 1.2 acid solution showed a rapid reduction of 15.86%. Conclusions: Korean chrysotile was very weak in an acid environment, beginning to show significant changes after 5 days. The Mg component rapidly decreased after 10 weeks in the pH 1.2 acid solution.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2003

Asbestos is composed of long thin fibers approximately diameter $0.02\mu\textrm{m}$ and flexibility, strength, electrical, thermal conditions. The most common asbestos are : Chrysotile(white), Crocidolite(Blue), Amosite(Brown). Asbestos was first introduced in the Korea in 1960 and installation of these products continue through the late 1970's and even the early 1980's. Bu-pyung basement stores in Korea were surveyed from September 25 to October 26, 2001. The purpose of this research was to evaluate worker-exposure to asbestos, comparing to the standards and to research notice of inhabitants about asbestos. Fifteen personal samples and six areas were collected using Gillian Air Sampler. Result of this research were as follows. 1. The most of asbestos exposure concentrations keeps to the criterion(OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Adminisoation), NIOSH) but forty three percent of the Six samples exceeded the EPA (Environmental protection Agency) of 0.01 fibers/cc. 2. All of places compliced to the standards but there is no "Safe level" of asbestos exposure to the people. Especially people who are expose more frequently over a long time are more at risk.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

Objectives: According to the compliance of the asbestos-related regulation, every building has to be inspected for asbestos presence before its abatement work. This study was performed for identifying the types and contents of asbestos in building bulk samples. Materials and Methods: Bulk samples were collected during the asbestos inspection in 2010. We grouped the bulk samples into the regulated asbestos containing materials(RACM), presumed asbestos containing materials(PACM), and construction products. Additionally, the types of asbestos in all bulk samples were identified by polarization microscopy(PLM). Results: The RACMs were from building, house, pipe and facility. The RACMs were found mainly building (72.1%) and house (93.7%). The contents of chrysotile in building, house and facility were 66.9% (1-90%), 89.7% (2-90%) and 11.0% (2-90%), respectively. PACMs were surfacing material, thermal system insulation (TSI), and miscellaneous material. The miscellaneous materials that showed a high detection rate (79.2%) were ceiling, roofing and wall materials. Among them, the roofing materials had high chrysotile content(9.7%, 2-21%), followed by wall (8.7%, 2-21%) and ceiling (3.4%, 1-17%). In the construction products, asbestos was found mainly in slate (92.6%, 2-21%), including chrysotile. The slate had high asbestos content (9.7%, 2-21%), followed by cement flat board (8.7%, 2-19%) and textile (3.4%, 1-17%) Conclusions: Utilizing these results, it would be contributed to construct a useful ACM database and prevent from asbestos exposure to workers in the asbestos abatement and maintenance works.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.718-726
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• 2007

There are many varieties of asbestos: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophylite. These are widely used in construction materials, brake lining, textile, and so on. Even though non-asbestos fibers such as glassfiber and rockwool have manufactured because asbestos causes asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, etc., some bad effects of non-asbestos have been also reported. PCM (phase contrast microscopy) and PLM (polarized light microscopy) have been used to qualitatively analyze asbestoses. These techniques have serious drawbacks when identifying and separating various asbestoses. Recently scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) has been known as an useful tool to analyze airborne particle since it provides physical and chemical information simultaneously. The purpose of the study was to classify both asbestos and non-asbestos fibers and finally to develop their source profiles by using the SEM/EDX. The source profiles characterized by 6 different types of asbestos fibers and 2 types of non-asbestos fibers had been developed by analyzing a total of 380 fibers. Analytical parameters used in this study were length, width, aspect ratio, and shape as physical information, and Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu as chemical information. All the parameters were intensively reviewed.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

This study focused on a comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the springtime air quality influenced by both artificial (particulate matter (PM) and asbestos) and biological (pollen) sources in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. An intensive measurement of PM was conducted at four characteristic sites (i.e., a heavy traffic area, a residential area, an industrial area, and a desolate area) in the Fukuoka Prefecture during spring of 2007. Analysis of major ionic species in $PM_{2.5}$ was performed by an Ion Chromatography, and asbestos and pollen were identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ($65.3{\mu}gm^{-3}$) measured in an industrial area (site C) was extraordinarily high compared to those monitored in other areas; it greatly exceeded the Japan's $PM_{2.5}$ criteria (a daily average of $35{\mu}gm^{-3}$). NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion model suggests that this high level of $PM_{2.5}$ monitored at site C is unlikely to affect the Asian continent. The ambient concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$-related anions ($NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$) and their relative contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ were also investigated in four study areas. The concentrations of these major water-soluble ions exhibit not only strong spatial dependence but also different ratios to each other. Asbestos fiber (crocidolite and amosite) concentration values changed in the range of 2.5 to 14.4 f per liter of air. The number of pollen grains showed that Cedar ranked higher in concentration than other types of pollen, with the maximum concentration at site A.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.423-432
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate asbestos handling history of workers at automobile manufacturing plants in Korea. Methods: National regulations on asbestos and Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA) database on the information of asbestos containing products were reviewed. We investigated asbestos related materials from one automobile manufacturing plant. Material safety data sheets(MSDS) collected in 2010, work environment monitoring results reported from 2000 to 2013, trade union reports and asbestos survey reports were reviewed. We also interviewed workers with long career and did walk-through survey. Results: The Ministry of Labor in Korea has permitted asbestos manufacturing since 1990. In 1997, the use of crocidolite and amosite asbestos were banned. In 2007, the Korean government announced a total ban on the manufacturing, importation and use of all kinds of asbestos, which took full effect in 2009. A total of 174 asbestos products information from KOSHA database was analyzed. Extruded cement panel for building, special brake for crane farm machinery, gasket, joint sheet and thermal insulator were produced until 2007. From automobile manufacturing plant survey, we confirmed that asbestos containing materials(ACM) such as gasket, heating induction materials have been used until 2011. Asbestos containing building materials(ACBM) such as bamlites, slate and ceiling tex were reported at 122 asbestos dismantling projects in 2014. Conclusion: Although the use of all kinds of asbestos were banned from 2009, ACMs and ACBMs installed before 2009 were still found at automobile manufacturing plant until 2011 and 2014 respectively. In particular, asbestos slates should be managed because most of slates had not been removed until 2014.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.5029-5037
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적인 우리나라 일부 학교의 석면함유 건축자재을 조사하고 EPA AHERA rule과 ASTM rule을 적용하여 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 총 100개 학교를 2010년 1월부터 12월까지 조사하였다. 건축년도에 따른 ACM 검출율은 1980년대 이전 건축물은 100%, 1990년대 이전은 94.1%, 2000년대 이전은 100%, 2000대 이후는 62.5%로 나타났다. 학교별 ACM 검출율은 유치원과 고등학교는 100%, 초등학교는 97.1%, 중학교는 92.9%, 특수학교는 80%로 나타났다. 천장 텍스는 2~8 %의 백석면과 갈석면, 밤라이트 보드는 6~11 %의 백석면이 검출되었다. 또한 개스킷과 슬레이트 지붕은 각각 16~17 %, 10~13 %의 백석면이 검출되었다. EPA AHERA rule을 이용하여 ACM의 위해성 평가를 실시한 결과, 모든 건축자재는 "Pool" 등급이 나왔으며, ASTM rule 평가에서는 모든 ACM이 "Q&M program"이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.