• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2003

Mechanical alloying (MA) by high energy ball mill of Pure chromium Powders was carried out under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. Cr-N amorphous alloy powders have been produced through the solid-gas reaction subjected to MA. The atomic structure during amorphization process was observed by X-ray and neutron diffractions. An advantage of the neutron diffraction technique allows us to observe the local atomic structure surrounding a nitrogen atom. The coordination number of metal atoms around a N atom turns out to be 5.5 atoms. This implies that a nitrogen atom is located at both of centers of the tetrahedron and octahedron formed by metal atoms to stabilize an amorphous Cr-N structure. Also, we have revealed that a Cr-N amorphous alloy may produced from a mixture of pure Cr and Cr nitrides powders by solid-solid reaction during mechanical alloying.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 기계적 합금화(MA)에 의한 고상-기상반응에 있어서 질소원자가 V-Fe계 합금의 비정질화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 유성형 볼밀을 사용하여 $V_{70}Fe_{30}$혼합분말을 질소가스 분위기 중 MA 처리하였다. 그 결과 160시간 MA 처리에 의하여 비정질상이 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. 160시간 동안 MA 처리한 ($V_{70}Fe$_{30}$)_{0.89}N_{0.11}$ 분말시료의 열분석 결과 약 $600^{\circ}C$에 비정질상의 결정화에 의한 발열 peak가 관찰되었다. 또한 bcc 결정에서 비정질상으로의 구조변화 과정을 X선 및 중성자 회절법을 통하여 조사하였으며, 특히 중성자회절에서는 V원자의 중성자에 대한 간섭성 핵산란진폭이 매우 작은 특징을 이용하였다. 그 결과, 이 합금계에서의 비정질화는 모든 결정구조에서 전형적으로 존재하는 8면체 unit가 우선적으로 붕괴되어 4면체 unit로 변환되어 가는 과정임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중성자 회절에 의한 구조해석 결과 질소원자는 V원자로 이루어진 다면체의 중심에 위치하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.164-167
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• 2003

The mechanical alloying effect has been studied on the three Cu-based alloy systems with a positive heat of mixing. The extended bcc solid solution has been formed in the Cu-V system and an amorphous phase in the Cu-Ta system. However, it is round that a mixture of nanocrystalline Cu and Mo Is formed in the Cu-Mo system. The neutron diffraction has been employed at a main tool to characterize the detailed amorphization process. The formation of an amorphous phase in Cu-Ta system can be understood by assuming that the smaller Cu atoms preferentially enter into the bcc Ta lattice during ball milling.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2023

석영(SiO₂)은 지각의 암석을 형성하는 주요 광물 중의 하나이다. SiO₂의 원자 구조는 다양한 마찰 과정에서 변화할 수 있다. 비정질화, 수화 및 실리카겔 형성을 수반하는 석영 암석의 마찰 감소는 지진 및 관련 현상에 대한 광물학적 통찰력을 제공한다. 볼 밀링과 회전 전단 실험을 이용하여 상기 현상의 광물학적 기원이 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 밀링 과정에서의 다양한 변수를 고려하여 SiO₂의 비정질화를 위한 볼 밀링의 최적 실험 조건을 결정하였다. 높은 밀링 속도에서 볼 밀링 시간이 증가함에 따라 SiO₂의 결정도는 점차 감소하여 비정질화되었다. 밀링 매체의 마모 정도와 SiO₂의 비정질화에 미치는 영향은 서로 다른 밀링 재료(ZrO₂, stainless steel)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 밀링 시간이 증가함에 따라 볼의 마모량이 증가하였다. 또한 볼에서 마모된 스테인리스스틸 입자는 비정질화되는 SiO₂와 상호작용하여 Si-O-Cr을 형성하는 경향이 있다. 이러한 결과는 SiO₂와 같이 비교적 경도가 높은 다양한 물질들의 볼 밀링에 의한 원자 구조의 변화 과정을 이해하고, 다양한 지질학적 마찰 과정을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.802-808
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• 2005

The hydrogen sorption speeds of $Zr_{57}V_{36}Fe_7$ amorphous alloy and its crystallized alloys were evaluated at room temperature $Zr_{57}V_{36}Fe_7$ amorphous alloy was prepared by ball milling. The amorphous alloy was crystallized through two stages. Initially, $\alpha-Zr$ solid solution was appeared from the amorphous phase. Two cubic Laves compounds were precipitated afterwards from the remained amorphous and from excessively saturated solid solution at higher temperature. The hydrogen sorption speed of the partially crystallized alloy was higher than that of amorphous. The enhanced sorption speed of partially crystallized alloy was explained in terms of surface oxygen stability which has been known to retard the activation of amorphous alloys. The retardation could be reduce by crystallization process resulting in the observed increase in sorption property.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.314-319
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• 1999

The solid state reaction by mechanical alloying(MA) generally proceeds by lowering the free energy as the result of a chemical reaction at the interface between the two adjacent layers. However, Lee et $al.^{1-5)}$ reported that a mixture of Cu and Ta, the combination of which is characterized by a positive heat of mixing of +2kJ/mol, could be amorphized by mechanical alloying. This implies that there exists an up-hill process to raise the free energy of a mixture of pure Cu and la to that of an amorphous phase. It is our aim to investigate to what extent the MA is capable of producing a non-equilibrium phase with increasing the heat of mixing. The system chosen was the ternary $Cu_{30}Ta_{ 70-x}Mo_ x$ (x=35, 10). The mechanical alloying was carried out using a Fritsch P-5 planetary mill under Ar gas atmosphere. The MA powders were characterized by the X-ray diffraction with Cu-K $\alpha$ radiation, thermal analysis, electron diffraction and TEM micrographs. In the case of x=35, where pure Cu powders were mixed with equal amount of pure Ta and Mo powders, we revealed the formation of bcc solid solution after 150 h milling but its gradual decomposition by releasing fcc-Cu when milling time exceeded 200 h. However, an amorphous phase was clearly formed when the Mo content was lowered to x=10. It is believed that the amorphization of ternary $Cu_{30}Ta_{60}Mo_{10}$ powders is essentially identical to the solid state amorphization process in binary $Cu_{30}Ta_{70}$ powders.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

Amorphization and crystallization behaviors of $Ti_{50}Cu_{50}Ni_{20}Al_{10}$ powders during high-energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment were studied. Full amorphization obtained after milling for 30 h was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The morphology of powders prepared using different milling times was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The powders developed a fine, layered, homogeneous structure with prolonged milling. The crystallization behavior showed that the glass transition, $T_g$, onset crystallization, $T_x$, and super cooled liquid range ${\Delta}T=T_x-T_g$ were 691,771 and 80 K, respectively. The isothermal transformation kinetics was analyzed by the John-Mehn-Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent was close to 2.5, which corresponds to the transformation process with a diffusion-controlled type at nearly constant nucleation rate. The activation energy of crystallization for the alloy in the isothermal annealing process calculated using an Arrhenius plot was 345 kJ/mol.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.132-136
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• 1999

볼밀을 사용하여 $Fe_{30}Cr_{70}$ 혼합분말을 질소가스 분위기 중 기계적 합금화(MA) 처리하였다. 그 결과 비정질상이 생성되었으며 불활성 아르곤 가스 분위기중 MA 처리를 행한 경우에는 bcc 고용체가 얻어졌다. 기계적 합금화 처리한$(Fe_{30}Cr_{70})_{0.85}N_{0.15)$분말시료의 열분석 결과 약 $550^{\circ}C$에 비정질상의 결정화에 의한 발열 peak가 관찰되었다. bcc 결정질에서 비정질상으로의 구조변화 과정을 Xtjs 회절 및 중성자 회절법에 의해 관찰되었다. 그 결과, 이 합금계에서의 비정질화는 모든 결정구조에서 전형적으로 존재하는 8면체 unit가 우선적으로 붕괴되어 4면체 unit로 변환되어 가는 과정임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 중성자 회절에 의한 결정구조해석 결과 질소원자는 금속원자로 이루어진 4면체의 중심에 위치하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

In this work, effect of various process-control agents (PCAs) on the mechanical alloying of amorphous alloy of $Al_{85}Y_8Ni_5Co_2$ has been investigated. The dependence of the particle shape, size and crystallization behavior of the amorphous alloy powders on the type of PCAs and their concentrations was investigated by using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the additive of toluene could affect positively the amorphization and thermally induced crystallization processes, as well as the size refinement, morphology and particle-size distribution of as-milled powders in comparison with alloy obtained without PCA.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2010

In present work, amorphous TiCuNi powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying process. Amorphization and crystallization behaviors of the TiCuNi powders during high-energy ball milling and subsequent microstructure changes were studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. TEM samples were prepared by the focused ion beam technique. The morphology of powders prepared with different milling times was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. The powders developed a fine, layered, homogeneous structure with milling times. The crystallization behavior showed that glass transition, $T_g$, onset crystallization, $T_x$, and super cooled liquid range ${\Delta}T=T_x-T_g$ were 628, 755 and 127K, respectively. The as-prepared amorphous TiCuNi powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering process. Full densified TiCuNi samples were successfully produced by the spark plasma sintering process. Crystallization of the MA powders happened during sintering at 733K.