• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.281-284
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• 1991

To investigate the optimum conditions for the production of ammonia as a precursor of tetramethylpyrazine flavor compound from arginine by Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar. diacetilactis FC1, fermentation factors such as initial pH of culture media, fermentation temperature, concentration of arginine-HC1, and sugars were examined. The optimum conditions were initial pH 5.5 of the culture media, fermentation temperature of $34^{\circ}C$, 6% (w/v) of arginine-HC1, and 1% (w/v) of galactose as a carbon source. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, 40 mmole/l of ammonia was produced after 40 h.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.488-500
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• 1995

An air-cooled ammonia/water GAX(Generator-Absorber heat eXchange) absorption cooling cycle is proposed and its performance is numerically evaluated. It is shown that the performance of the system is greatly dependent on the quality of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator. For any refrigerant concentration in the investigated range(99.1~99.9% ammonia), the cycle COP(coefficient of performance) reaches the highest value, when some amount(about 7%) of refrigerant evaporates in the refrigerant heat exchanger. Among temperature differences in various heat exchangers, the temperature difference between GAX-absorber and the GAX-generator shows the greatest effect on the system performance, whereas pressure losses cause no significant decrease in COP. The system COP increases almost linearly with increasing evaporator temperature, decreasing absorber temperature or decreasing condenser temperature. If both absorber and condenser temperature increase simultaneously, the decrease in the COP becomes larger.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.414-421
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• 1999

Falling film rectification involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer between vapor and liquid interface. In the present work, the adiabatic rectification process of ammonia-water vapor on the vertical plate was investigated. The continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion equations for the solution film and vapor mixture were formulated in integral forms and solved numerically. The model could predict the film thickness, the pressure gradient, and the mass transfer rate. The effects of Reynolds number and ammonia concentration of solution and vapor mixture, rectifier length, and the enhancement of mass transfer in each phases were investigated. The stripping of water in vapor mixture occurred new the entrance of ammonia solution, which imposed the proper size of an adiabatic rectifier. Rectifier efficiency increased as film Reynolds number increased and as vapor mixture Reynolds number decreased. The improvement of rectifier efficiency was significant with the enhancement of mass transfer in falling film.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2000

Falling film rectification involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer between vapor and solution film. In the present work, the adiabatic rectification process of ammonia-water vapor by the falling solution film on the vertical plate was investigated. The continuity momentum, energy and diffusion equations for the solution film and the vapor mixture were formulated in integral forms and solved numerically, The model could predict the film thickness, the pressure gradient, and the mass transfer rate. The effects of Reynolds number and ammonia concentration of solution and vapor mixture, rectifier length, and the enhancement of mass transfer coefficient in each phases were investigated. The stripping of water in vapor mixture occurred near the entrance of ammonia solution, which imposed the proper size of an adiabatic rectifier. Rectifier efficiency increased as film Reynolds number increased and as vapor mixture Reynolds number decreased. The improvement of rectifier efficiency was significant with the enhancement of mass transfer coefficient in falling film.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.597-603
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• 2016

In this paper a comparative thermodynamics analysis is carried out for organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and ammonia-water Rankine cycle (AWRC) utilizing low-grade heat sources. Effects of the working fluid, ammonia concentration, and turbine inlet pressure are systematically investigated on the system performance such as mass flow rate, pressure ratio, turbine-exit volume flow, and net power production as well as the thermal efficiency. Results show that ORC with a proper working fluid shows higher thermal efficiency than AWRC, however, AWRC shows lower mass flow rate of working fluid and lower pressure ratio of expander than ORC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1269-1275
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in OD. Although free AA concentration was relatively high, mean peptide was quantitatively the most important fraction of total SNAN in both RD and OD, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis of Korean native steers. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration in OD for the soluble protein supplemented diets during the feeding cycle peaked 2 h post-feeding and decreased thereafter whereas that for the control was relatively constant during the entire feeding cycle. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration was rather similar between RD and OD.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2002

In this study, the nanosized ZnS thin films that can be used for fabrication of blue light-emitting diodes, electro-optic modulators, and n-window layers of solar cells were grown by the solution growth technique (SGT), and their surface morphology and film thickness and grain size dependence on the growth conditions were examined. Based on these results, the quantum size effects of ZnS were systematically investigated. Governing factors related to the growth condition were the concentration of precursor solution, growth temperature, concentration of aq. ammonia, and growth duration. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the ZnS thin film obtained in this study had the cubic structure ($\beta$-ZnS). With decreasing growth temperature and decreasing concentration of precursor solution, the surface morphology of film was found to be improved. Also, the film thickness depends largely on the ammonia concentration. In particular, this is the first time that the surface morphology dependence of ZnS film grown by SGT on the ammonia concentration is reported. The energy band gaps of samples were determined from the optical transmittance values, and were shown to vary from 3.69 eV to 3.91 eV. These values were substantially higher than 3.65 eV of bulk ZnS. It was also shown that the quantum size effect of SGT grown ZnS is larger than that of the ZnS films grown by most other growth techniques.

• 멤브레인
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2022

음용수 속 암모니아의 존재는 인간의 건강에 매우 해롭다. 농작물에서의 비료 사용, 산업 폐수, 화석 연료의 연소와 같은 활동으로 인해 가용성 암모니아는 지하수를 오염시킨다. 물에 존재하는 암모니아 농도가 낮더라도 해양생물 등의 수생환경을 훼손한다. 막 기술은 암모니아를 물로부터 효과적으로 제거하기 위한 매우 중요한 과정이다. 평평한 시트 막, 막 접촉기, 그리고 막 증류법은 암모니아를 제거하여 물을 정화하는 데 사용되는 방법들 중 하나이다. 막 접촉기는 막 증류법과는 달리 상변화 없이 액체와 가스 간의 또는 액체와 액체간의 질량 전달을 통해 암모니아를 제거하는 효율적인 공정이다. 다만 이 방법은 pH가 매우 높아 암모니아 제거에 비용이 많이 든다. 제올라이트는 우수한 이온 교환 능력을 가지고 있는데, 이는 암모니아와의 상호작용을 향상시켜 폐수로부터 흡착하는 능력을 향상시킨다. 제올라이트를 함유한 혼합 매트릭스 막은 암모니아 흡착 및 폐수로부터의 분리 효율을 향상시킨다. 이 리뷰에서는 위에서 소개된 내용이 자세히 논의될 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2022

In this study, the inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of butyric acid was evaluated and the potential alleviating effects of such ammonia inhibition by the addition of magnetite particles were investigated. Independent anaerobic batch tests fed with butyric acid as a sole organic source were conducted in twenty 60-mL glass bottles with 10 different treatment conditions, comprising ammonia: 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 7.0 g total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)/L and magnetite particles: 0 mM and 20 mM. The increase in ammonia concentration did not cause significant inhibition on methane yield; however, a significant inhibition on lag time and specific methane production rate was observed. The IC₅₀ in the control treatments (without magnetite addition) was estimated as 6.2654 g TAN/L. A similar inhibition trend was observed in magnetite-added treatments; however, the inhibition effect by ammonia was significantly alleviated in lag time and specific methane production rate when compared to those in the control treatments. The lag time was shortened by 1.6-46.3%, specific methane production rate was improved by 6.0-69.0%. In the magnetite-added treatments, IC₅₀ was estimated as 8.5361 g TAN/L. This study successfully demonstrated the potential of magnetite particles as an enhancer in anaerobic digestion of butyric acid under conditions of ammonia stress.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2009

The objectives of this research were focused on the effects of various operating parameters on nitrous oxide emission such as C/N ratio, ammonia concentration and HRT in the hybrid and suspension reactors. With the decreasing of C/N ratios, $N_2O$ emission rates in the both processes were increased because organic carbon source for denitrification was depleted. In case of biofilm reactor operated using medium, $N_2O$ release from the nitrification was not affected by the variation of ammonia concentration. But in the suspension reactor, $N_2O$ production from the nitrification was rapidly increased with the increase of ammonia. Nitrite accumulation caused by undesirable nitrification conditions could be a important reason for the increase in the $N_2O$ production from the aerobic reactor. And rapid increase in $N_2O$ production was reflected by the decrease of HRT, similar to the results observed in the results of ammonia loading changes. So it could be said that it is very important to put in consideration both its optimum conditions for wastewater treatment efficiency and suitable conditions for $N_2O$ diminish, simultaneously, in order to development an eco-friendly and advanced wastewater treatment, especially in BNR process.