• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2005

The study was carried out to develop the real time measuring technique of ammonia and carbon dioxide concentration emitted from growing-finishing pig house in winter and estimate ammonia emission rate emitted from the pig house. As the study was carried out, environmental management technique for the pig house and odor abatement skill could be properly developed to reduce the residence's annoyance. The room temperature of the growing-finishing pig house was $10^{\circ}C$ higher than outdoor air temperature in spite of additional heating, because of heat emitted from body temperature of the pigs. The daily variation pattern of room temperature in the pig house shows the similar tendency with outdoor air temperature. The daily mean ventilation rate per head was $16\;m^3/h$ and ranged from $12\;m^3/h$ to $22.4\;m^3/h$. The difference of day and night for ventilation rate was about 2 times. The ammonia emission rate was $208{\pm}28\;mg/h{\cdot}pig$ per daily basics calculated with ventilation rate and ammonia concentration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to prove the effect of pig slurry application with charcoal on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), feed value and ammonia (NH₃) emission from maize forage. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control), 2) only pig slurry application (PS), 3) pig slurry application with large particle charcoal (LC), 4) pig slurry application with small particle charcoal (SC). The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha^-1, and the charcoal was applied at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 regardless of the size. To determine the feed value of maize, crude protein, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrient, and relative feed value were investigated. All feed value was increased by charcoal treatment compared to water and PS treatment. Also, the NUE for plant N was significantly higher in charcoal treatments (LC and SC) compared to PS treatment. On the other hand, there is no significant difference for feed value and NUE between LC and SC. The NH₃ emission was significantly reduced 15.2% and 27.9% by LC and SC, respectively, compared to PS. Especially, SC significantly decreased NH₃ emission by 15% compared to LC. The present study clearly showed that charcoal application exhibited positive potential in nitrogen use efficiency, feed value and reducing N losses through NH₃ emission.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.342-347
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• 2011

The effect of SNC(silver nano colloid) on the emission reduction of odors such as ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), and methane ($CH_4$) from swine excreta was studied. Silver has been used as an universal antibiotic substance and can reduce the emission of some gases by sterilizing action. Therefore, an apparatus which produces SNC was developed and was conducted its performance test. Also, the SNC made by the apparatus was applied to swine excreta sampled from a piggery in oder to find the effect on the reduction of odor emission. An electrolysis apparatus was developed to produce SNC and its capacity was 0.024 ppm/$hr{\cdot}L$. The effects of SNC on the reduction of odor emission from swine excreta were tested for bad smell gases of ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and methane ($CH_4$). For ammonia gas, factorial experiments were conducted to find the effects of concentration and application rate of SNC. The test results for the different concentrations of 20 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm showed that the more concentration of SNC was increased, the more emission reduction of ammonia gas increased. From the test results about the effect of application rate, the more SNC was applied, the more emission reduction of $NH_3$ increased. In order to reduce the concentration of $NH_3$ below 5 ppm, SNC of 50 ppm is recommended to be applied at an interval of 6 hours, and is mixed with swine excreta in the volumetric ratio of 4:1. For hydrogen sulfide gas, the concentration was decreased as time went by and was reduced rapidly in the first stage of the tests for all applied concentrations of SNC (20 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm). Especially, when 100 ml of SNC with 100 ppm was applied, emission of hydrogen sulfide gas was reduced rapidly during early 4 hours after the application of SNC. And, concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas was maintained below 20 ppm after 12 hours. For methane gas, t-test showed that there was no significance on the effect of its application for all applied concentrations of SNC. Therefore, it was concluded that the application of SNC on swine excreta had no effect on the emission reduction of $CH_4$.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2007

This paper discusses dynamic characteristics of a urea-SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system. The urea flow rate to improve NOx conversion efficiency is generally determined by parameters such as catalyst temperature and space velocity. The urea-SCR system was tested in the various engine operating conditions governing the raw NOx emission levels, space velocity. and SCR catalyst temperature. These experiments include cold-transients to determine catalyst light-off temperature and urea flow rate transients. Likewise. ammonia storage dynamics was also investigated. The cold-transient results indicate the light-off temperature of the catalysts used in these experiments was $200-220^{\circ}C$. The ammonia storage and urea flow rate transients all indicate very slow dynamics (on the order of seconds) which presents control challenges for mobile applications. The results presented in this paper should provide an excellent starting point in developing a functional in-vehicle urea-SCR system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

The principal aim of this field study was to determine the concentrations and emissions of gaseous contaminants such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the different types of pig buildings in Korea and allow objective comparison between Korea and the other countries in terms of pig housing types. This field study was performed from May to June and from September to October in 2002. Pig buildings investigated in this research were selected in terms of three criteria; manure removal system, ventilation mode and growth stage of pig. Measurements of concentration and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were done in 5 housing types and the visited farms were 15 sites per each housing type. Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were measured at three locations of the central alley in the pig building and emission rates of them were estimated by multiplying the average concentration($mg/m^3$) measured near the air outlet by the mean ventilation rate($m^3/h$) and expressed either per pig of liveweight 75kg(mg/h/pig) or per area($mg/h/m^2$). Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings were averaged to 7.5 ppm and 286.5 ppb and ranged from 0.8 to 21.4 ppm and from 45.8 to 1,235 ppb, respectively. The highest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the mechanically ventilated buildings with slats; 12.1 ppm and 612.8 ppb, while the lowest concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were found in the pig buildings with deep-litter bed system(2.2 ppm) and the naturally ventilated pig buildings with manure removal system by scraper(115.2 ppb), respectively(p<0.05). All the pig buildings were investigated not to exceed the threshold limit values(TLVs) of ammonia(25 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide(10 ppm). The mean emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per pig(75kg in terms of liveweight) and area($m^2$) from pig buildings were 250.2 mg/h/pig and 37.8 mg/h/pig and $336.3mg/h/m^2$ and $50.9mg/h/m^2$, respectively. The pig buildings with deep-litter bed system showed the lowest emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide(p<0.05). However, the emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the other pig buildings were not significantly different(p>0.05). Concentrations and emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were relatively higher in the pig buildings managed with deep-pit manure system with slats and mechanical ventilation mode than the different pig housing types. In order to prevent pig farm workers from adverse health effect caused by exposure to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in pig buildings, they should wear the respirators during shift and be educated sustainably for the guideline related to occupational safety.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

This study was carried out to measure the environmental related parameters from two types of swine houses. Indoor temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide level, ammonia concentration and emission were measures every 2 minutes from each house with portable monitoring units. Carbon dioxide concentration balance was used to estimate the ventilation rates of the different houses. Daily ammonia concentrations in the growing-finishing and farrowing houses ranged from 2 to 17 ppm and 6 to 15 ppm respectively. The daily ammonia emission rate from the manure averaged 4.37 g/h$\cdot$500 kg from growing-finishing house and 4.82 g/h$\cdot$500 kg from the farrowing house. The above findings proved that summer season was associated with higher ammonia emission rates due to higher ventilation rate and ambient air temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.777-783
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• 2000

Composting by negative aeration is a reasonable proposition to control odor generated during composting process. Cattle manure and rice hulls mixtures were composted in a bin composting system by negative aeration. Continuous(CA) and intermittent(IA) aeration methods were applied to analyze the composting characteristics. The composting temperature and the ammonia emission during composting were investigated according to the aeration methods. The main problem for the negative aeration was the generation of condensate in the suction line of blower. The quantity of condensate was significant for continuous aeration. The aeration method should be modified to escape from the cooling effect of continuous aeration at the initial stage of composting. It took a longer time to finish a composting for intermittent aeration on account of lower aeration. It was concluded that the composting by negative aeration could be accomplished by either continuous or intermittent aeration method if the flow rate would be controlled more efficiently and the water vapor in suction line of blower could be removed effectively. Ammonia emission increased up to maximum value of 675ppm for continuous aeration while 300ppm for intermittent aeration. However, the cumulative value of ammonia emission was larger for intermittent aeration than for continuous aeration.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2008

The odours from spreading the slurry, manure storage tanks, and the stall are a source of annoyance for the neighbors and sometimes even become a case for civil appeal. Reducing the odourant and ammonia emission is an urgent need to be addressed. It is known that brown coal and oak charcoal have an ability to absorb odour. We designed an experiment set in lab scale and used the brown coal and oak charcoal as additives in the test to reduce odour. The test are divided into two categories; namely aeration and no-aeration. The additives were added to the each sample at a concentration of 5% and 10% of total base solids, besides the control samples. We carried out the Phenate Method for ammonia analyzing. In the non-aerated case, the results showed a reducing efficiency of 23.7% and 26.4% with an addition rate of 5% and 10% of additives, respectively. In the aerated test, the reducing efficiency of ammonia was 17.8% and 21.0% with an addition rate of 5% and 10% of additives, respectively. In case of oak charcoal, non-aeration showed removal efficiencies of ammonia at 15.9% and 16.1% with addition rates of 5% and 10%, respectively, With aeration, they were 11.4% and 26.4% with addition rates of 5% and 10% oak charcoal, respectively. The tests show that brown coal and oak charcoal have a reducing effect on ammonia emissions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.103-105
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine how broiler performance with the level of crude protein(23 CP%, 21 CP% and 19 CP%) can be changed and affected, adding Alum(Al$_{2}$(SO$_{4}$)$_{3}$ㆍ14H$_{2}$O) and no Alum in litter(two ALUM levels and 3 Protein levels with 2$\times$3 factorial design). Alum was added as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of 200g ALUM / kg of rice bran. With the exception of the protein levels for feed ：gain(P〈 0.05), there were no significant differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed ：gain of chicks. For ammonia gas emission, both the main effects of Alum and protein(P〈 0.01 and 0.05) at 3weeks and interaction between Alum and protein(P〈 0.05), the main effect of Alum(P〈 0.01) at 6weeks did affected them. In litter excluded the main effects of Alum(P〈 0.05), there was a significant difference among N contents ranged from pH to the rate of C： Organic-N(P〈 0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.113-120
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• 2008

This study was performed to develop environmentally-friendly finishing materials for construction. In order to abate formaldehyde and ammonia in indoor air, liquid coating agents for indoor finishing were formulated with bamboo charcoal powder, cypress extracted water, and water-borne acrylic binder. Deodorization rate, far-infrared ray emission rate, anions emission amount, and anti-bacterial effect were investigated. Deodorization rate was increased as cypress extracted water content increased. Deodorization rates of the coating agents were 60.0~98.6% on formaldehyde and 76.7~86.2% on ammonia. No differences on far-infrared ray emission rate, anions emission amount, and anti-bacterial effect were found depending on different formulations. A 91.7% of far-infrared ray emission rate, 77 ea/cc of anions emission amount, and 99.4% of anti-bacterial effect were detected for all formulations. More effective application method of the coating agents revealed was a spray-gun. A $0.66kg/m^2$ of coating agent with a spray-gun and $0.94kg/m^2$ of coating agent with a brush was consumed each.