• 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.380-385
• /
• 2018

Objectives: Aminophylline has been used for prevention or treatment of apnea in preterm infants with idiopathic apnea of prematurity. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of prophylactic in comparison with therapeutic aminophylline therapy. Methods: This retrospective observational study included infants born with a birth weight of < 2,500 g or at < 36 weeks of gestation. Infants born between August 2013 and July 2014 who received aminophylline therapy within 24 hr after birth were assigned to the prophylactic group, while infants born between August 2014 and July 2015 who received aminophylline therapy after obvious apnea were assigned to the therapeutic group. We compared clinical characteristics, including days of ventilator and oxygen therapy and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) between both groups. Results: Sixty-four patients and 25 infants were identified in the prophylactic and therapeutic groups, respectively. The mean gestational age and birth weight were $32.57{\pm}1.96weeks$ and $1765{\pm}205g$, respectively, in the prophylactic group and $32.46{\pm}1.82weeks$ and $1770{\pm}250g$, respectively, in the therapeutic group. No significant differences in clinical characteristics were found between the two groups. Similar clinical outcomes, including days of ventilator and oxygen therapy, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia, and BPD, were observed between the two groups. Conclusions: The present study showed that the prophylactic use of aminophylline does not improve the clinical outcomes, including BPD, IVH, and ventilator dependency as compared with therapeutic use. In other words, routine prophylactic use of aminophylline is unnecessary.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.59-62
• /
• 1972

This study was undertaken to observe the effect of xanthine such as caffeine and aminophylline on the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the kidney and stomach of the mouse. Carbonic anhydrase activities were measured by Philpot & Philpot method (1936). The results of this experiment were as follows: 1. The activity of carbonic anhydrase in the kidney of the mouse was silightly inhibited by the administration of caffeine (0.1 mg/gm, B.W.) or aminophylline (0.08 mg/gm, B.W.). The inhibition was more pronounced by the administration of aminophylline than that of caffeine. 2. In the stomach, there was no significant change in the activity of the carbonic anhydrase after the administration of either caffeine or aminophylline.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.96-99
• /
• 2004

Aminophylline, ceftriaxone 및 ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)을 미숙아용 고영양수액제에 직접 첨가하거나 Y-site로 투여하는 경우의 안정성에 관해 조사하였다. Aminophylline 주사액 (25mg/mL) $300{\mu}l$와 ceftriaxone sodium (37.5 mg/mL) 2mL를 각각 고영양수액제 직접 첨가하였다. 또한 Y-site에서의 안정성 조사를 위해 ceftriaxone sodium (37.5 mg/mL)을 고영양수액제에 각각 1:1 및 1:2 부피비가 되도록 혼합하였고 Unasyn (25mg/mL)은 고영양수액제와 1:1의 부피비로 혼합하였다. 이상과 같이 조제한 혼합액을 $25^{\circ}C$와 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관하여 aminophylline은 48시간 동안 그리고 항생제들은 24시간 동안의 경시변화를 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. Aminophylline은 위 보존조건에서 48시간동안 안정하였다(변화율 <$10{\%}$). Ceftriaxone sodium을 고영양수액제에 직접 첨가한 경우 ceftriaxone의 잔존률은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 4시간째에 $90.5{\pm}1.8{\%}$이었고 $4^{\circ}C$에는 $95.1{\pm}1.4{\%}$로 측정되었다. Y-site에서의 안정성과 관련하여 ceftriaxone sodium을 고영양수액제와 1:1로 혼합한 경우 양 보존조건에서 ceftriaxone은 24시간 동안 안정하였으나 1:2로 혼합한 경우에는 $4^{\circ}C$ 보관 시에만 안정하였고 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 24시간째에 약 $14{\%}$ 정도 분해되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, Unasyn의 경우 ampicillin은 24시간째에 $4^{\circ}C$ 보관 시에만 안정하였고 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 24시간째에 약 $14{\%}$정도 분해되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, Unasyn의 경우 ampicillin은 24시간째에 $4^{\circ}C$에서는 안정하였으나 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 $30{\%}$까지 감소되는 것으로 분석되었고 sulbactam은 24시간째에 온도와 관계없이 안정한 것으로 나타났다. Ceftriaxone sodium을 TPN과 Y-site 혼합 후 1-2시간 이내에 침천이 형성되었고 Unasyn의 경우에는 12시간째에 침천이 형성되었다. 혼합액의 pH나 색상은 연구기간 동안 일정하였다. 이러한 연구결과에 기초할 때, aminophylline은 고영양수액제와 혼합가능하고 ceftriaxone과 Unasyn은 고양양수액제와 혼합시 최소 1시간 동안은 안정한 것으로 평가되었다.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.63-74
• /
• 1974

This study was carried out to observe the direct effect of hydrocortisone on renal function by infusing it into a renal artery. Hydrocortisone (5mg/kg) or saline (0.5 ml/kg) was infused directly into the left renal artery of the rabbit, the right kidney was left intact to serve as a control for general action of acetazolamide (10 mg/kg) or aminophylline (10 mg/kg), which was administered intravenously 30 minutes after the direct infusion of pretreated drugs (hydrocortisone or saline). The changes of urine volume, pH, urinary excretion rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$, and the clearances of inulin and PAH were measured at an interval of 10 minutes for half an hour after the direct infusion of hydrocortisone or saline, and for one hour after intravenous administration of acetazolamide or aminophylline. The results of the experiment were as follows: 1. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes (excreted rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$) were observed in the hydrocortisone-infused group 10 minutes after the administration of acetazolamide, compared with the saline-infused group. Especially, the effect was more potent on the infused (left) side than on the contralateral (right) side. 2. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes were also observed in all the aminophylline-treated groups, but no remarkable difference was noticed between the hydrocortisone-infused group and the saline-infused group, nor between the left and right sides. 3. No signicant changes in the clearances of inulin and PAH were in the infused (left) side of all the experimental groups, as compared with the contralateral (right) side. From the above results, it is obvious that hydrocortisone infused into a renal artery exerts diuretic action when administered in combination with acetazolamide, and the mechanism of action rests not on its hemodynamic change for renal blood flow, but on the potentiation of carbonic anhydrase inhibiting action. However, the exact mode of action remains yet to be clarified.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제52권4호
• /
• pp.441-445
• /
• 2009

목 적 : 아미노필린을 낮은 농도(5 mg/kg/day)에서부터 점진적으로 증량할 때와 일상 용량(10 mg/kg/day)으로 시작할 때 나타나는 부작용을 비교하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2007년 3월부터 2008년 1월까지 인하대병원 소아과에 호흡기질환으로 입원한 환아들을 대상으로 정주 아미노필린의 투여 용량을 달리하여, 투여 후 3일간의 활력 징후, 부작용 및 혈중 농도를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 저용량군 37명, 일반용량군 21명, 대조군 9명이었다. 저용량군과 보통용량군 간의 입원 시 연령, 신체활력징후, 혈액검사의 차이는 없었다. 경련과 같은 심각한 부작용은 없었다. 저용량군에서는 9명(24.3%)이 보챔, 수면장애로 아미노필린 사용을 중단하였으며, 일반용량군에서는 6명(28.6%)이 아미노필린 투여를 중단하였고, 투여를 중단한 경우의 혈중 농도($(3.68{\pm}1.93{\mu}g$/mL)와 중단 없이 사용한 군의 혈중농도($(4.47{\pm}2.45{\mu}g$/mL)의 차이는 없었다. 투여를 중단하게 된 경우는 대부분 2세 미만의 환자에서 발생하였다. 결 론 : 저자들은 급성 천식환자에서 정주 아미노필린의 부작용은 초기 투여용량과는 관계가 없다고 생각하며, 본 연구에서 사용한 용량보다 고용량 투약에 따른 연구 및 연령에 따른 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 1974

The isolated rabbit gall bladder strips were prepared according to the technique described by Amer and Becvar (1969). The strips were placed in a bath containing 100 ml of Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. Oxygen was continuously bubbled through the solution. The tension of the muscle strip was initially adjusted to 0.7g. The contractile response was measured isometrically by a force-displacement transducer connected to a polygraph. The effect of a number of autonomic drugs were studied for their interaction with caerulein (Prof. V. Erspamer, F.I. 6934 Caerulein, Farmitalia, Italia), a gastrin or CCK.PZ like peptide, on isolated rabbit gall bladder strips. In this preparation caerulein produced contractions of CCK-PZ type, but the relative potency on a weight basis was 40 times that of CCK-PZ. The response of caerulein was not modified by either cholinergic or alpha or beta adrenergic blockade. However, the response of caerulein and of barium on the strips were prevented by papaverine or aminophylline. Isoproterenol, papaverine or aminophylline alone relaxed the preparation whereas caerulein, CCK-PZ, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine or barium chloride contracted the preparation. In summary, it is concluded that caerulein on the gall bladder strip seems to act independently of the autonomic nervous system and mediated via mechanisms apparently similar to those involved in the action of barium chloride.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 1993

연구배경 : 호중구에 의한 인체내 방어기전으로서의 살균작용 또는 병리기전으로서의 세포독성반응은 호중구의 호흡폭발(respiratory burst)에 의한 과산화물음이온(superoxide anion) 등 각종 산소기의 유리에 크게 의존하고 있다. Theophylline은 adenosine에 길항적으로 작용하지만 이역시 호중구및 혈관내피세포의 cAMP농도를 상승시켜 호중구의 산소기유리및 부착성(adherence)을 억제하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 결과는 정상인에게서 얻어진 말초 호중구나 실험적으로 패혈증상태가 유발된후로부터 수분내의 동물을 대상으로 얻어진 결과로써 이미 세균에 감염되어 수시간이 지나 폐혈증 증상을 보이는 환자에서의 연구는 국내외적으로 아직 보고된 바 없어 패혈증 증상용 보이는 급성폐렴환자에서 aminophylline(AMPH) 정주전후의 말초동맥혈 호중구에서의 과산화물 음이온유리 측정과 동맥혈 산소분압, 맥박 및 혈압을 비교하여 AMPH의 급성 폐렴 환자에게의 임상적 의의를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 패혈증 증상을 보이는 폐렴 환자 11예를 대상으로 AMPH을 정주하기전 및 계속 정주후 60분후의 동맥혈 호중구 $2{\times}10^6/ml$를 분리, 사이토크롬 c 환원법으로 과산화물 음이온을 측정하고 또 각기의 말초호중구수의 변화 및 임상상태를 비교하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 호중구의 자극은 PMA 10 ${\mu}l/ml$로 유발하였다. 결과: 1) AMPH 정주 60분후의 AMPH 혈중 농도는 $8.8{\pm}0.6{\mu}g/ml$ 이었다. 2) AMPH 정주전의 과산화물 음이온은 안정상태의 호중구에서 $0.076{\pm}0.034$(OD) 로서 정주후에는 $0.013{\pm}0.004$(OD) 로 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 3) AMPH 정주전후의 호중구 자극상태에서의 과산화물 음이온은 각기 $0.177{\pm}0.044$(OD), $0.095{\pm}0.042$(OD) 로서 역시 AMPH 정주후 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 4) AMPH 정주전후의 말초호중구수와 혈압, 맥박 및 동맥혈산소분압은 양군간에 차이가 없었다. 결론: 1) 급성 폐렴환자에서의 AMPH 사용은 호중구의 호흡폭발을 감소시켜 방어기전으로서의 호중구의 역할을 억제할 것으로 생각되며 임상적으로 다장기 부전증의 증거가 없는 한 감염증세가 우세한 폐렴초기에는 가급적 사용을 억제하는 편이 좋으리라 사료된다. 2) AMPH 사용으로 인한 동맥혈산소분압은 호전은 기대할 수 없고 맥박의 상승 및 혈압의 감소경향이 있어 혈류동태가 불안정하거나 심혈관 질환이 있는 환자에서의 사용은 피해야 할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제7권1_4호
• /
• pp.38-50
• /
• 1977

A study on the mechanism of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol has been performed in the dog. 1) Chloramphenicol administered intravenously to dogs with ligated renal pedicle, readily appeared in bile greater than in plasma. 6.9% of a 50mg /kg i. v. dose of chloramphenicol were excreted into bile within 100 minutes. During the same periods of above experiment, the bile/plasma concentration ratios(B/P ratios) were 46 to 87. 2) Chloramphenicol injected into the vein of dog was rapidly excreted into urine. 18% of the administered dose were excreted into urine within 70 minutes. In the same periods of this experiment, Ccm/Ccr ratios were greater than 1.0 in most cases. 3) In experiment of simultaneous measurement of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol, Ccm/Ccr ratios were less than 1.0 and B/P ratios were 50 to 52. 4) In experiment measured simultaneously biliary and urinary excretion both Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$(hepatic clearance) were significantly declined by probenecid, but not affected by 2,4-DNP and aminophylline although 2,4-DNP increased only bile flow and aminophylline both bile and urine volume. 5) Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$ were increased in proportion to increment of plasma concentration ranging from 3.3 to 30 mg% of chloramphenicol. But when plasma concentration were increased to 70mg %, Ccm/Ccr were not increased and $C_Hcm$ were reduced about 30% in comparison with values obtajned at 30mg% of chloramphenicol. 6) Free/Bound(free to bouid from) ratios ranging from 1.0 to 90.0mg% of chloramphenicol were 76.2+3.72% $(mean{\pm}S.E.)$ Above results suggest that chloramphenicol is excreted into bile by a process of active trasport, that excretion of chloramphenicol into urine was made up with dual process, reabsorption and secretion, and that renal secretion was attained by active trasport process although renal reabsorption process could not understand.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.333-339
• /
• 2021

Injection lipolysis or mesotherapy gained popularity for local fat dissolve as an alternative to surgical liposuction. Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) and aminophyl-line (AMPL) are commonly used compounds for mesotherapy, but their efficacy and safety as lipolytic agents have been controversial. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is a choline precursor structurally similar to PPC, and thus introduced in aesthetics as an alternative for PPC. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GPC on adipocytes differentiation and lipolysis and compared those effects with PPC and AMPL using in vitro and in vivo models. Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 was measured by Oil Red O staining. Lipolysis was assessed by measuring the amount of glycerol released in the culture media. To evaluate the lipolytic activity of GPC on a physiological condition, GPC was subcutaneously injected to one side of inguinal fat pads for 3 days. Lipolytic activity of GPC was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining in adipose tissue. GPC significantly suppressed adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 in a concentration-dependent manner (22.3% inhibition at 4 mM of GPC compared to control). Moreover, when lipolysis was assessed by glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, 6 mM of GPC stimulated glycerol release by two-fold over control. Subcutaneous injection of GPC into the inguinal fat pad of mice significantly reduced the mass of fat pad and the size of adipocytes of injected site, and these effects of GPC were more prominent over PPC and AMPL. Taken together, these results suggest that GPC is the potential therapeutic agent as a local fat reducer.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.71-74
• /
• 1993

The protective effect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on gastic ulcer induced in rats has been studied. Gastic ulceration was induced by hypothemic restraint stress or dicolofenac sodium. Gastic acid secretion and mucosal injury produced by the hypothemic restraint stress was greater as compared with those produced by diclofenac sodifum. ATP significantly reduced area of injury, however, increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cATP) content. Administration of dipyridamole along with ATP did not change the total lesion area in both models when compared to ATP alone. Aminophyline antagonized antagonized the protective effect of ATP on the injured area. Famotidine was found to be effective in reducing gastric acid output as well as the total injured area without any change in cAMP content when given along with ATP.