• 제목/요약/키워드: American cultural characteristic

검색결과 8건 처리시간 0.023초

영화 <블라인드 사이드 Blind Side>에 나타난 '드라마' 장르의 미국 문화 특성 (The cultural characteristic of American film (genre drama) in )

  • 한용택;우정권
    • 비교문화연구
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    • 제26권
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    • pp.273-296
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of American film (genre drama) through the analysis of , which merits our attention because the proportion of domestic gross earnings to foreign gross earnings is four to one. It means that the cultural discount rate of this film is relatively higher than the films which belong to the other genres, for example adventure, action, fantasy, SF etc. And it would be correct to say that this film is typically american. What is the reason of this difference of cultural discount rate? And what allows this film to be defined as a typical American film. The analysis of shows that the difference doesn't result from the actant structure. In fact the narrative structure of this film is similar to the other films of drama genre like or : the common structure of drama genre is characterized by an encounter of sujet and adjuvant and the progress of their relationship. But the drama is a genre in which the reflection of the actualities is important as compared with other genres. In that sense the story of is based upon the American cultural characteristics. Because the process that realize the progress of relationship between two protagonists is typically American such as race problem, adoption system, concept of family, system of education and going to college etc. As a result it is possible that move less the worldwide spectators than the American spectators.

NOTES ON ANTIQUITY IN WESTERN LATE MODERNITY THROUGH NOVEL AND FILM

  • Bertoni, Roberto
    • 영미문화
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.53-71
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    • 2014
  • This paper is about some aspects of the late-modern representation of antiquity in Western countries. The timeframe is mostly the decades since the 1980s, but some works are also mentioned from previous phases. Some information is given on the late-modern historical novel, characterized by mixture of genres and intertextual references to historical events and contemporary varieties of discourse. Eclecticism would seem to be a characteristic feature, and it mainly consists of a mixture of real events and imagination, cohabitation of ancient settings and modernized characters, and interaction between high and low culture. Commercialization often accompanies novels on antiquity in the $21^{st}$ century. And ideologies such as romanness, germanism and barbarianism are employed by some authors to refer to contemporary realities. A number of films and novels are mentioned. More specific analysis focuses on Valerio Manfredi's The Last Legion and the film based on the book; Simon Scarrow's Gladiator: The Fight for Freedom; and Robert Harris's Pompeii.

21세기 한국 소설의 라틴아메리카 소설 경향 - 황석영, 임철우, 김연수, 박형서 소설을 중심으로 (A tendency of Korean contemporary fictions according to Latin American fictions - Focus on the novels of Seok-yeong HWANG, Cheol-woo IM, Yeon-soo KIM, Hyeong-seo PARK)

  • 함정임
    • 비교문화연구
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    • 제25권
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    • pp.313-336
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    • 2011
  • The objective of this thesis is to unfold Latin American trends overlapping with Korean contemporary novels as an interesting scene in the circle of Korea literature at the beginning of the 21st century. This study was conducted largely in two directions. One is examining how long novel A Guest of Seok-yeong HWANG, a representative realist writer in Korea, and another long novel One Hundred Years Motel (Baeknyeon Motel) of Cheol-woo IM, a writer who has expressed Korean shamanic flowering as his fictitious characteristic since the 1980s, meet and interact with the world of magic realism in long novel One Hundred Years of Solitude of G. G. Marquez born in Colombia, Latin America, and the other is discussing the fictional techniques of H. L. Borges overlapping with short stories in novel collections The Age of Twenty and Fictions of Midnight by, respectively, young writers Yeon-soo KIM and PARK Hyeong-seo who displayed a unique world of fictions in the 2000s. For these purposes, we developed the points of discussion from the viewpoint of 'the meeting of two essences' for Seok-yeong HWANG and Marquez, of 'the meeting of two 'hundred years'' for Cheol-woo IM and Marquez, of 'novel writing as the finding of the original' for Yeon-soo KIM and Borges, and of 'novel writing surrounding fictions' for Hyeong-seo PARK and Borges. Around 2000, the trend of Latin American novels emerged as a phenomenon in Korean novels. It was probably a natural consequence of contemporary writers' struggling with genres and post-genres, the overturn of the center and the periphery, and blurred boundaries. Seok-yeong HWANG, Cheol-woo IM, Yeon-soo KIM, and PARK Hyeong-seo borrowed the contents and techniques of Latin American novels, but further research is required on how continuously their works internalized the characteristic properties of Marquez-style, Borges-style or polyphonic Latin American novels and, by doing so, how much they expanded or determined their own line. This is why this study has been performed productively out of vital importance. In every age throughout history, there have been the phenomena of encountering and sympathizing, and overlapping and spreading with foreign novels. This study is meaningful in that it illuminated the aspects of Korean contemporary novels in the flow of world literature through tracing the origin and reality of the trend of Latin American novels emerging conspicuously through overlapping particularly with Korean novels published in the 2000s.

도나 카란의 디자인 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Donna Karan Fashion)

  • 정은숙
    • 복식
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    • 제26권
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    • pp.265-278
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    • 1995
  • The purpose of this study was that the real clothes is based on the cultural characteristic of the nation and is influenced by the consumers' psychology and desire in their daily lives. At this point, I investigated what was the most desirable clothes for the women in their home and at their office and found out how this aspect was expressed by Donna Karan design. Donna Karan noticed that executive women didn't want to wear such a masculine clothes, so she designed sensual and womanly clothes. She choosed active and comfortable fabric and made silhouette to cover woman's imperfect body. The colors of clothes and accessories were made to coordinate easily. Especially in advertisement she presented a executive New Yorker woman in trust as a symbol of American culture. Now, Donna Karan is one of the most successful fe-male designers and her influence is all over the world.

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자연경관 경관도의 국외사례 및 국내 적용가능성 연구 - 거시적 경관관리도를 중심으로 - (The Case Study of Foreign Scenery Inventory Map and the Applicability of Domestic - focused on macro inventory map -)

  • 주신하;이송희
    • 농촌계획
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.103-111
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to review foreign scenic inventory map for the systematic management of natural scenic resources. Several foreign cases were surveyed and analyzed to apply the scenery inventory map in domestic, such as Visual Resource Management(VRM) from United States Bureau of Land Management, Scenery Management System(SMS) from USDA Forest Service and Visual Landscape Inventory(VLI) from British Columbia Ministry of Forest's, that were already established scenery inventory maps. The results are as follows. First, the characteristic of Korean landscape is quite a different from those of north american's, which is much smaller and more complex in topography and land use. So, it would be difficult to apply foreign system directly and we need more researches to our own system. The multi-stepped landscape unit system is highly recommended. Second, scenic quality could be estimated by the pre-built database, such as land forms, vegetation, hydrology and land uses. Historical and cultural attributes should be complemented. Third, existing scenic integrity could be grasped by scenic damage, landscape alteration caused by human activities and land exfoliation. Also, subjective evaluation method should be supplemented by objective criteria through further detailed studies. Finally, about landscape view conditions, landscape control points should be surveyed and established in advance, and viewing distance, viewing frequency, amount of observers and public interests should be considered.

마리아 루이사 봄발과 김채원의 작품에 나타나는 숭고한 남성이라는 대상의 붕괴 (Destruction of the Dignified Object Called Man in María Luisa Bombal and Kim Chaewon's Works)

  • 최은경
    • 비교문화연구
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    • 제53권
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    • pp.103-130
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    • 2018
  • 칠레 여성 작가 마리아 루이사 봄발(María Luisa Bombal, 1910 - 1980)의 단편소설 "나무"('El ${\acute{a}}rbol$', 1939)는 '브리히다'라는 여주인공의 '개안(눈뜸)의 과정'을 이야기한다. 브리히다는 아버지의 관심을 얻지 못하자, 이를 남편의 사랑으로 대치하고, 이마저도 실패하자, 이를 대신하여 창문 앞 아름드리 고무나무 (남자로부터 받는 사랑의 대체물)에게서 위로를 얻고자 한다. 개안의 순간은 국가도로사업에 의해 고무나무가 잘려 나가면서 일어난다. 그 순간 그녀는 자신이 아직도 사랑을 원하고 있음을 깨닫는다. 소설은 나무의 쓰러짐과 여성 개안의 연관성에 대해 설명하지 않으므로써 그 상징성과 심미성을 높였다. 이에 필자는 봄발의 "나무"를 더 깊게 이해하기 위해 이러한 질문에 대한 답을 하고 있는, 한국 여성작가 김채원(1946 - )의 단편소설 "물의 희롱-무와의 입맞춤"(2015)을 분석한다. 김채원의 작품을 통해 봄발을 읽음으로써 봄발의 "나무"가 궁극적으로 이야기 하고자 하는 것이 여성이 남성과의 성과 사랑에 기대는 한 결국 파멸되게 되어있음을 고찰하고자 한다. 본 논문은 라틴아메리카의 단편소설과 아시아의 단편소설을 나란히 놓고 읽음으로써 여성이 주체적 삶을 살아가기 위해 인지해야 할 점들(a. 남자가 바라는 여자여야 한다는 강박관념의 오류와 b. 남성을 인생의 부분으로 여기지 못함으로써 생기는 오류)을 지적한다. 그리고 필자는 쟈크 라캉(Jacques Lacan)의 욕망 이론에서 나타나는 욕망대상의 허상성과 숭고한 대상의 붕괴를 통하여 앞서 언급한 두 소설이 말하는 예정된 여성 파멸의 이유를 설명한다. 그리고 결론으로 여성의 개안이란, 남성과의 성과 사랑을 통한 인생에의 안온함은 없다는 것을 인지하여, 본질적으로 허상적인 사랑에 스스로를 가두는 습성을 버려야 함을 주장한다.

고려의 원시영역 유목초지, 그 부르칸(불함)이즘과 한국축산의 비전 (Burqanism from the Origin of the Pastoral Nomadic Koryo Region and the Vision of Korean Livestock Farming)

  • 주채혁
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.71-82
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    • 2005
  • Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.

자기생산 기계 시스템과 3차 사이버네틱스의 등장 (Autopoietic Machinery and the Emergence of Third-Order Cybernetics)

  • 이성범
    • 비교문화연구
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    • 제52권
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    • pp.277-312
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    • 2018
  • 1940년대와 50년대에 등장한 1차 사이버네틱스 이론은 관찰 주체를 배제한 채 관찰하고자 하는 대상에 대한 객관적이고 보편적인 작동 메커니즘을 연구하는 방법론이다. 반면에 1970년대에 등장한 2차 사이버네틱스 이론은 시스템을 관찰하는 관찰자의 인식론적 구조 자체를 연구 대상으로 여기면서 인식 방식의 주관성, 개별성, 다양성을 인정하는 방법론이다. 훔베르토 마투라나와 프란시스코 바렐라는 2차 사이버네틱스의 탐구 영역을 인간 관찰자로 대표되는 생물학적 시스템의 작동 메커니즘 연구로 확대한다. 그들은 살아있는 시스템이 지닌 자기 조직화와 자기 재생산 메커니즘을 규명하는 일을 2차 사이버네틱스의 핵심적 연구 과제로 여긴다. 생물학적 시스템이 지닌 자기생산 능력을 기계적으로 재현하는 시스템 탐구는 통제 메커니즘 연구를 새로운 단계로 나아가게 하므로 3차 사이버네틱스라고 불릴만하다. 1차 사이버네틱스가 관찰자를 배제한 채 객관적 시스템에 대한 통제 기제를 탐구하고 2차 사이버네틱스는 인간으로 대변되는 생물학적 작동 메커니즘을 탐구한다면 3차 사이버네틱스에서는 살아 움직이는 시스템을 인위적으로 재창조하는 생명-기계 융합 시스템을 연구한다. 생물학적 시스템의 기계적 재생산을 현실화하는 일은 클라우스 슈밥의 4차 산업 혁명이나 에릭 브린욜프슨과 앤드루 맥아피가 제안하는 제2 기계 시대의 핵심적 화두 중 하나이다. 자기생산의 인위적 재현이 가능하게 되면 인간중심주의에서 인간과 기계가 다양한 형태로 결합되는 포스트휴먼 시대로 나아간다. 미국 소설가 딘 쿤츠의 소설 "악마의 씨앗"은 기계의 자기생산 능력을 주제로 삼는다. 1973년판과 이를 개정한 1997판를 비교하면 작가의 논점이 2차 사이버네틱스에서 3차 사이버네틱스로 변하고 있음을 읽을 수 있다. 1973년판에서는 과학 기술에 대한 공포심을 보여주는 인간 관찰자와 기술 만능을 주창하는 인공지능 프로테우스의 차이가 부각되나 궁극적으로는 인간 관찰자가 담론의 주도권을 행사하고 있다. 1973년에 비해 훨씬 기술 지배력이 강화된 1997년도에 출판된 수정본에서는 과학 기술에 대해 공포감을 느끼는 인간 화자는 사라지고 기술 만능을 자랑하는 인공지능 프로테우스가 처음부터 끝까지 이야기를 주도한다. 더 나아가 그는 첨단 지능뿐 아니라 인간 주인공 수잔에게 성적 갈망을 표출하는 남성적 정체성을 획득하여 더 이상 인간의 통제 대상으로 이용되는 기계가 아닌 이성을 욕망하는 능동적 주체가 된다. 남성 정체성 획득은 프로테우스의 기계적 자율성이 극대화됨을 의미한다. 여기서 우리가 주목할 만한 일은 프로테우스가 만든 인공지능 아이는 과학기술을 활용한 우생학이 앞으로 도래할 미래에 보편화될 수 있다는 우려를 낳게 하는 존재라는 사실이다. 프로테우스는 인간의 유전병을 고치고 유전자를 변형하여 완벽한 신체를 꿈꾼다. 또한 방대한 첨단 지성을 인간-기계 생명체에 주입하여 최고의 지성을 갖추도록 기획한다. 즉 그는 상품가치를 지닌 우수한 신체적 조건과 지적 자질을 기계적으로 재현하는 능력을 갖춘다는 측면에서 디지털 표준화를 추구한다. 결국 이런 기술적 우생학은 고전적 휴머니즘이 지닌 장점에 심각한 위해를 가하는 결과를 초래한다. 인간은 양도할 수 없는 자기 운명의 주관자가 아니라 언제든지 공학적으로 변경 가능한 구성물로 전락할 위험성을 동반하기 때문이다.