• 혜화의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.453-469
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• 2001

This study attempted to analyze the contents of the research papers concerning the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer-type dementia presented in the magazine of Chinese Medicine published in China over the period between 1998 and 2000. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn: 1. The Chinese medical category of Alzheimer-type dementia includes amnesia, dementia, stupidity, depression symptom complex, insanity and the like and uses the as the criterion for diagnosis and treatment effect evaluation. 2. The clinical symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia include lowered intelligence, deterioration of memory, understanding and judgemental power, retardation of the reaction, emotional changes, character changes, behavioral changes and the like and are divided into mild, medium and serious according to the degree of symptom. 3. From the perspective of Bon-Heo-Pyo-Shil(state of deficient vital essence and excessive pestilential vapor), the pattern of Byun-Sung(identification) is divided into deficiency symptom complex, excessive symptom complex and indiscernible fullness and emptiness. The deficiency symptom complex includes deficiency of the liver and kidney, deficiency of essence of the kidney, deficiency of the reservoir of marrow and the like. The excessive symptom complex includes internally blocked stagnant blood, blocking of the passageway due to turbid phlegm, blood stasis due to stagnation of chi, and the like. The indiscernible fullness and emptiness symptom complex includes the deficiency of essence of kidney, blocking of the passageway due to stagnant phlegm, blood stasis due to the deficiency of kidney, blood stasis due to the deficiency of heart and the like. 4. The therapeutics and' prescription of Alzheimer-type dementia include the following: Bo-Shin-Ik-Su-Tang for tonifying the kidney, replenishing the marrow and plugging the essence; Ki-Guk-Ji-Hwang-Hwan-Ga-mi for reinforcing the vital essence of the liver and kidney; Kwi-Bi-Tang-Hap-Yang-Shim-Tang for invigorating the functioning of the spleen and nourishing the heart; Hyel-Bu-Chuk-Eo-Tang-Ga-Mi for activating the blood and resolving the stagnancy of the blood; Bo-Yang-Hwan-Oh-Tang for replenishing chi, activating the blood and resolving the stagnancy of the blood; Beoh-Kwang-Mong-Sung-Tang for invigorating the functioning of the spleen, replenishing the kidney, resolving the phlegm and enlivening the brain; n-Dam-Tang-Ga-Mi for invigorating the functioning of the spleen, replenishing chi, and removing the phlegm and unclogging the passageway); Se-Shim-Tang-Ga-Mi for removing the stagnancy of the liver and resolving the phlegm; and the like. 5. The research papers on, the medication cases of Alzheimer-type dementia understand the pathology of Alzheimer-type dementia from a consistent perspective. They view the pathology of Alzheimer-type dementia as the disease of Bon-Heo-Pyo-Shil(state of deficient vital essence and excessive pestilential vapor) with the combination of the deficiency of essence of the kidney, the deficiency of the brain marrow, blood stasis and blocked phlegm and the like and recommend the prescription of using Bo and Sa simultaneously for treating Alzheimer-type dementia. 6. The research papers on the medication cases of Alzheimer-type dementia reported that the use of creative prescriptions such as Si-Sam-Hang-Ji-Tang, Ji-Yung-Tang, Ka-Mi-Yunh-Ji-Hwan, Ja-Sin-Hwal-Hyel-Tang, Kal-Chang-Ik-Ji-Tang, Ho-Su-Bok-Ji-Tang, Kun-Noe-Ok-Ji-Hap-Je and the like led to the average high efficacy of 85.5%.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.2362-2366
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• 2003

The paper describes a new instrument for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. A new instrument for early detection of Alzheimer's disease is constructed on both the questionnaire for the investigation of living environment, and the lists for the functional tests of the sense, the physiology, and the left and right brains. When the medical doctor has made a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, the demented patient does not recover the indication adding available treatments. Then, the indication of a patient only takes a turn for the worse. For the demented patient can be kept his/her life style, Alzheimer's disease can make an early detection using a new instrument before a diagnosis of the dementia. And the indication of a demented patient can be delayed by the available medical treatments.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.160-167
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• 1996

The early diagnosis has an very important role in curing dementia. But there was not an effective method to diagnose it until now. In this paper we analyzed the EEG in Alzheimer's disease and normal control groups to compare by nonlinear parameter such as the largest Lyapunov exponent $L_{1}$. We found that patients with Alzheimer's disease have significantly lower$L_{1}$ than normal groups. And we propose the nonlinear analysis of EEG as a useful tool for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2018

Alzheimer's disease (AD) related genes have been elucidated by advanced genetic techniques. Familial autosomal dominant AD genes founded by linkage analyses are APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, ABCA7, and SORL1. Genome-wide association studies have found risk genes such as ABCA7, BIN1, CASS4, CD33, CD2AP, CELF1, CLU, CR1, DSG2, EPHA1, FERMT2, HLA-DRB5-HLA-DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, NME8, PICALM, PTK2B, SLC24A4, SORL1, and ZCWPW1. ABCA7, SORL1, TREM2, and APOE are proved to have high odds ratio (>2) in risk of AD using next generation sequencing studies. Thanks to the promising genetic techniques such as CRISPR-CAS9 and single-cell RNA sequencing opened a new era in genetics. CRISPR-CAS9 can directly link genetic knowledge to future treatment. Single-cell RNA sequencing are providing useful information on cell biology and pathogenesis of diverse diseases.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 1997

치매에서의 뇌파 연구는 주로 주파수 분석과 지형화 분석을 이용하여 정량화하는 것을 위주로 진행되어 왔으나 이러한 선형적 분석은 뇌파와 같이 복잡한 신호를 분석하는 것에는 한계가 있었다. 최근 새로운 패러다임인 카오스이론에 근거를 두고 뇌파를 비선형적으로 측정하는 방법이 소개되고 있다. 본 연구는 알츠하이머형 치매환자의 뇌파 신호를 상관차원을 이용하여 비선형적으로 분석하는 것이 가능한가를 알아보고 그 결과를 대조군과 비교해보기 위하여 시도되었다. 3명의 알츠하이머형 치매 환자와 3명의 대조군에서 뇌파 신호를 받아 디지털 화한 후에 비선형분석법 중 하나인 상관차원 값을 계산하였다. 전체 15개의 전극부위 중 3곳을 제외하고는 모든 전극과 두뇌 영역별, 반구별 분석 모두에서 알츠하이머형 치매군의 상관차원값이 유의하게 낮았다. 본 연구 결과는 알츠하이머형 치매 환자에서 카오스 이론을 이용한 비선형적 전기신경생리학적 분석으로 알아낼 수 있는 두뇌의 복합성, 즉 두뇌의 카오스적 성상이 감소되어 있다는 것을 의미하며 향후 뇌파의 비선형적 분석이 두뇌 기능을 조사하는 데에 유용한 새로운 방법이 될 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.401-424
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• 2022

Objectives: As effective treatments for dementia are lacking in Western medicine, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is considered a useful option. While the quality of life (QoL) is a vital outcome for patients with dementia, the QoL of patients receiving CAM for dementia remains ambiguous. This study aimed to determine the effect of CAM on QoL outcomes in dementia patients. Methods: A search was performed using the keywords "dementia," "Alzheimer's," "cognitive impairment," "Chinese," "Korean," "oriental," "herbal," "acupuncture," and "quality of life". All quantitative data were synthesized using R version 4.1.1. Results: Twenty-five randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 16 pre-post trials, and two cohort studies were selected for the systematic review. QoL in Alzheimer's disease (QOL-AD) (n=11, 25.6%) and geriatric QoL in dementia (GQOL-D, n=9, 20.9%) were the most utilized QoL instruments. Significant benefits in QoL were observed after receiving mind, body, combined mind and body, nursing, oriental medicine, and acupuncture therapies. In the meta-analysis, the combined effect was shown to significantly increase QOL-AD compared to before CAM interventions (standardized mean difference, SMD: 0.507; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.191~0.824; p<0.01). The overall synthesized estimates in the GQOL-D showed a significantly improved QoL (SMD: 0.537, 95% CI: 0.238~0.837 p<0.01; one group; SMD: 1.465, 95% CI: 0.934~1.996, p<0.01). The seven studies assessing the cost-effectiveness of CAM reported uncertain outcomes. Conclusions: This study showed that CAM interventions benefited patients with dementia by improving their QoL. While additional standardized research is required, CAMs are suggested as effective clinical management for patients with dementia. They are also suggested as complementing therapies for these patients.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2017

The brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) is an important imaging biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the cerebral atrophy has been shown to strongly associate with cognitive symptoms. The decrease of volume estimates in different structures of the medial temporal lobe related to memory correlates with the decline of cognitive functions in neurodegenerative diseases. During the past decades several methods have been developed for quantifying the disease related atrophy of hippocampus from MRI. Special effort has been dedicated to separate AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) related modifications from normal aging for the purpose of early detection and prediction. We trained a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) with probabilistic outputs on a sample (n = 58) of 20 normal controls (NC), 19 individuals with MCI, and 19 individuals with AD. The model was then applied to the cross-validation of same data set which no labels were known and the predictions. This study presents data on the association between MRI quantitative parameters of hippocampus and its quantitative structural changes examination use on the classification of the diseases.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.158-168
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• 2023

Background and Purpose: Facial emotion recognition deficits impact the daily life, particularly of Alzheimer's disease patients. We aimed to assess these deficits in the following three groups: subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Additionally, we explored the associations between facial emotion recognition and cognitive performance. Methods: We used the Korean version of the Florida Facial Affect Battery (K-FAB) in 72 SCD, 76 MCI, and 76 mild AD subjects. The comparison was conducted using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with adjustments being made for age and sex. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was utilized to gauge the overall cognitive status, while the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) was employed to evaluate the performance in the following five cognitive domains: attention, language, visuospatial abilities, memory, and frontal executive functions. Results: The ANCOVA results showed significant differences in K-FAB subtests 3, 4, and 5 (p=0.001, p=0.003, and p=0.004, respectively), especially for anger and fearful emotions. Recognition of 'anger' in the FAB subtest 5 declined from SCD to MCI to mild AD. Correlations were observed with age and education, and after controlling for these factors, MMSE and frontal executive function were associated with FAB tests, particularly in the FAB subtest 5 (r=0.507, p<0.001 and r=-0.288, p=0.026, respectively). Conclusions: Emotion recognition deficits worsened from SCD to MCI to mild AD, especially for negative emotions. Complex tasks, such as matching, selection, and naming, showed greater deficits, with a connection to cognitive impairment, especially frontal executive dysfunction.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2023

Background and Purpose: As it becomes an aging society, interest in senile diseases is increasing. Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and osteoporosis are representative senile diseases. Various studies have reported that AD and osteoporosis share many risk factors that affect each other's incidence. This aimed to determine if active medication treatment of AD could affect the development of osteoporosis. Methods: The Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service provided data consisting of diagnosis, demographics, prescription drug, procedures, medical materials, and healthcare resources. In this study, data of all AD patients in South Korea who were registered under the national health insurance system were obtained. The cohort underwent conversion to an Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership-Common Data Model version 5 format. Results: This study included 11,355 individuals in the good persistent group and an equal number of 11,355 individuals in the poor persistent group from the National Health Claims database for AD drug treatment. In primary analysis, the risk of osteoporosis was significantly higher in the poor persistence group than in the good persistence group (hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.32]; p<0.001). Conclusions: We found that the good persistence group treated with anti-dementia drugs for AD was associated with a significant lower risk of osteoporosis in this nationwide study. Further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological link in patients with two chronic diseases.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

연구목적 : 본 연구는 경도인지장애(Mild cognitive impairment, 이하 MCI)와 알쯔하이머형 치매(Dementia of Alzheimer's type, 이하 AD)의 신경정신증상 빈도와 점수를 조사하고 비교 분석한 뒤, 인지기능과 Korean Neuropsychiatric Inventory(K-NPI) 결과와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : MCI 또는 AD를 진단받은 163명의 환자들을 세 군으로 분류하였다. K-NPI를 이용하여 MCI 환자 55명, 경도의 AD 환자 56명, 중등도 이상의 AD 환자 52명을 대상으로 신경정신증상을 조사하였고, 세 군간의 K-NPI의 부척도별 빈도와 composite score를 비교하였다. 결 과 : MCI군에서 가장 흔한 증상은 우울/불쾌감, 수면/야간행동, 불안, 과민/불안정 순이었다. 경도 AD군에서의 증상은 초조/공격, 우울/불쾌감, 불안, 무감동/무관심, 수면/야간행동 순으로 빈번하게 나타났다. 중등도 이상 AD 군에서는 무감동/무관심, 우울/불쾌감, 초조/공격, 망상 순이었다. 이 중 망상, 환각, 초조/공격, 무감동/무관심, 이상행동증상, 식욕/식습관의 변화의 빈도는 세 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 총 NPI 점수는 MMSE-KC 점수와는 음의 상관관계를, GDS와는 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 신경정신증상은 MCI, AD에서 흔히 보이는데, 본 연구에서는 MCI와 경도의 AD에서 이들 증상들이 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 정신증은 중등도 이상 AD에서 가장 흔하게 나타났고, 이로 인해 더욱 빠른 인지기능의 저하를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 MCI와 AD의 각 진행 단계에 따른 적절한 치료가 필요하다.