• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

1. Objectives Yanggyuksanhwa-tang for Soyangin was applied to investigate the immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses on murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin/aluminium (OVA/Alum)-immunized mice. 2. Methods This study were carried out in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis on RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation on mouse splenocytes. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with OVA/Alum (100 ${\mu}g$/200 ${\mu}g$) on day 1, 8, and 15. Yanggyuksanhwa-tang was administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. 3. Results Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A on splenocytes from OVA/Alum-immunized mice (p<.001). Yanggyuksanhwa-tang also significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG (p<.001), IgG1 (p<.001), and total IgM (p<.01) levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. 4. Conclusions These results suggested that Yanggyuksanhwa-tang for Soyangin could be used as immunopotent.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.629-639
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• 2010

To evaluate the performance of high rate coagulation system(HRCS) for CSOs treatment, fundamental function of lab scale HRCS has been tested by using the Jar tester and lab scale HRCS. The optimum pH dose by Streaming Current value was found in the range of 5.3~6.0 in Fe(III), and in the range of 5.8~6.6 in Al(III) and the optimum chemical dose were 0.44mM of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and 0.93mM of $FeCl_3$. The removal efficiencies at optimum $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ dose were 75%($TCOD_{Cr}$), 97%(TP), 95%(SS) and 96%(turbidity), respectively. And the removal efficiency of particles with less than $5{\mu}m$ of diameter was 70% and that of particles with higher than $5{\mu}m$ of diameter was 90%. The optimum alum dose in lab scale HRCS was 150mg/L, and the treatment efficiency was the best with addition of 1.0mg/L polymer. The effect of Micro sand addition was not clear, because the depth of the sediment tank in lab scale HRCS was not long enough. But the HRT of this lab scale HRCS was able to be shorten less then 7 minutes by adding the micro sand. The surface loading rates with respect to using different chemicals were 0.43m/h with alum only, 5.78m/h with alum and polymer and 6.22m/h with alum, polymer and micro sand. As a result, HRCS using coagulant, polymer and micro sand developed in this study was evaluated to be very effective for CSOs treatment.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2011

Even though MBR processes have many advantages such as high quality effluents, a small footprint and convenience for operation compared to conventional activated sludge processes, there are some shortcomings in terms of the cost and potential fouling incident that keeps MBR (Membrane bioreactor) processes from being widely applied. To reduce these problems, PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) flat sheet membranes that have excellent permeability and durability were tested instead of PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane which is being used widely in water treatment. Low concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was also added into the membrane modules in order to prevent the membrane fouling as well as to provide the alkalinity. With conditions mentioned above, a pilot-scale MBR system based on the MLE (Modified Ludzack Ettinger) process was operated at flux of 40 $L/m^{2}/hr$ and over 15,000 mg/L MLSS concentration for about 8 months. And coagulant(alum) was added into the membrane tank to remove phosphorus. Although the more coagulant is added the more effectively phosphorus is removed, that can lead to fouling for a long operation(Ronseca et al.,2009). By the way there is a research that fouling grow up after stopping injection of coagulant(Holbrook, 2004). Stable operation of MBR systems was achieved without major chemical cleaning and the effluent quality was found to be good enough to comply with the treated waste water quality regulations of the Korea.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2000

낙동강 원수에 대한 정수처리과정의 주요 공정인 응집과 여과에 미치는 조류의 장애를 조사하기 위하여 낙동강 하류지역인 칠서정수장 취수원에서 1995년 1월부터 1998년12월까지 발생되는 계절별, 종별 조류 천이과정과 조류가 응집과 여과에 미치는 영향을 실제 정수장에서 적용 사례를 중심으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 취수원인 낙동강의 Chlorophyll-a 농도는 최저 $20.7{\mu}g/l$ 에서 최고 $180.9{\mu}g/l$ 이었고,총질소와 총인의 농도는 각각 3.4mg/l 와 0.1mg/l 이상으로 년중 과영양상태로 평가되었다. 조류 우점종은 $Stepanodiscus\;sp.\;{\to}\;Asterionella\;sp.\;{\to}\;Melosira\;sp.\;{\to}\;Microcystis\;sp.\;{\to}\;Synedra\;sp.\;{\to}\;Stepanodiscus\;sp.$로 천이되었다. 정수장애는 여과시 폐쇄 및 응집, 침전불량 이었고, 장애 발생빈도는 Stepanodiscus sp.와 Synedra sp.가 각각 42%와 38%이었다. 조류 개체수가 Stepanodiscus sp.와 Synedra sp.는 각각 1,820cells/ml와 800cells/ml일 때 정수장애가 시작되었다. Chlorophyll-a 농도가 $18.9{\mu}g/l$ 일 때 Alum과 PACS의 최적응집제 주입량은 각각 40mg/l 과 16mg/l 에서 처리수 탁도가 가장 양호하였으며, Chlorophyll-a 농도가 $154.1{\mu}g/l$ 로 증가될 때 Alum과 PACS의 최적응집제 주입량은 각각 75mg/l 과 35mg/l 에서 처리수 탁도가 양호하여 Chlorophyll-a 농도가 증가할수록 응집제 주입량이 증가하였다. 응집제를 최적으로 주입하였을때의 조류 제거율은 Stepanodiscus sp. 경우 Alum과 PACS 주입량이 각각 60mg/l 과 30mg/l 일 때 각각 85%와 83%이었으며, Synedra sp. 경우 Alum과 PACS 주입량이 각각 50mg/l 과 25mg/l 일 때 각각 79%와 81%이었다. 여과지에 유입된 Synedra sp.의 개체수가 1,500cells/ml일 때 여과지 폐쇄를 유발하였고, 이 때 여과지속시간은 8hr이었다. 여과지 폐쇄를 일으키는 대부분의 조류는 안트라사이트 표층으로부터 10cm 깊이에서 억류되었으며, Synedra sp.는 표층 5cm 깊이에서 97% 억류되었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.693-697
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• 2005

제지산업에서 COD 부하 및 난분해성 COD 부하가 높은 생산지종별 발생폐수의 처리방안을 통하여 단위공정의 최적화와 방류수의 수질 안정화에 대해 연구하였다. 그 결과 1차 처리 공정에서는 SS와 더불어 colloid성 물질제거를 통한 COD 제거효율을 향상시키기 위해서 음이온 응집제 및 Alum의 병행사용이 효과적인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 Fenton 산화법의 병행사용으로 인한 약품의 과량투입은 수질상태에 악영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었기 때문에 최적량인 $FeCl_2$와 $H_2O_2$의 비가 1:1인 농도비 1000 ppm 일 때 COD 제거율이 가장 높다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.819-824
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were conducted to determine the effects of two chemical amendments on volatile fatty acids (VFA) and nitrogen contents in poultry litter after broiler chicks were raised in poultry houses for 6 weeks. Two different additives were applied as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of $AlCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ (200 g)+$CaCO_3$ (50 g) or Alum (200 g)+$CaCO_3$ (50 g)/kg of rice bran; untreated litter served as controls. Application of $AlCl_3+CaCO_3$ and Alum+$CaCO_3$ reduced total VFA contents by 67% and 51% at 6 weeks, respectively, compard to the control groups. The decrease in litter pH with two chemical treatments results in decreased proportion of VFA and increased nitrogen contents of the litter. These results indicate that treating $AlCl_3+CaCO_3$ and Alum+$CaCO_3$ to poultry litter offers the potential for reducing an environmental impact.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

There are accumulations of remained chemical additives and contaminants in the process water of semi-closed linerboard mill. High temperature of the process water aggravates the anaerobic digestion of contaminated process water and causes the generation of hazardous gases, which are from the biological reaction of varied additives and contaminants. The hydrogen sulfide in the gases easily combine with moisture in the air, and become sulfuric acid, which causes corrosion of paper machinery. This hydrogen sulfide is from the reduction of sulfate ions in the process water, and the sulfate ions are mostly from the alum. We changed the alum to PAC (Poly Aluminum Chloride). The results were preventing generation of hydrogen sulfide, and equivalent sizing effect by the use of PAC.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.182-186
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• 2001

An acid forest surface soil as a land farming medium was treated with a water plant alum sludge at 0 to 18%. Indian mustard was grown in the treated soil in a greenhouse for 5 weeks and watered with pH 4 tap water adjusted with a mixed acid (1HNO$_3$: 2H$_2$SO$_4$) during plant growth. Changes in soil property, leachate chemistry, plant growth, and plant uptake of elements by the sludge treatment were determined. The alum sludge treatment increased buffer capacity to acidity, hydraulic conductivity, water holding capacity, and phosphate adsorption of the soil and decreased bulk density and mobility of small particles. The sludge treatment reduced leaching of Al, Mg, K, Na, and root elongation. Plant did uptake less amount of the cations and P but more Ca with the sludge treatment.

• Plant Resources
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Artemisiae argyi Herba extract on the treatment of chromaticity and colorfastness. Artemisiae argyi Herba has been used as a Korean medicine. It is effective in removing skin disorders and suppressing pain. It is also good as a fungicide and in treating pruritis. In the long history of Korea, dyeing has been applied for a means representing the grace of natural and inner esthetic consciousness of man. Vegetable dyes give us such great benefits, diversified color; but no pollution. And ramie fabric has distinctive features such as beautiful brilliance, elegance, and strong durability. So, it is regarded as a special product of Korea traditionally. These studies were carried out to treat with acetate iron, dichloride copper and alum with a mordant to ramie fabric. The ramie fabric was died with Artemisiae argyi Herba extract. The results of experiment showed as follows: First, the chromophoric degree was the highest in acetate iron but not distinction in another mordants. Seocond, the light colorfastness was the highest in non treated and dichloride copper, but alum was the lowest. Third, the discoloration was alum and dichloride copper showed first grade in washing colorfastness. Abrasion colorfastness was not significant in this test. According the previous results, Artemisiae argyi Herba has an efficiency in removing skin disorders and suppressing pain. So it is considered that Artemisiae argyi Herba can be applied effectively to theraphy of fungicide and in treating pruritis.