• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Purpose - The postponement strategy, which delays the form, place, and production of products as late as possible, has been widely considered as a competitive supply chain management scheme in an era of mass customization and modular manufacturing. An interesting business phenomenon is that not all manufacturing/logistics firms choose the postponement strategy. Given that postponement is a counter-measure to speculation, which has some advantages under certain environments, the current imprudent inclination toward the postponement strategy may cause firms to lose the potential of the speculation strategy, an alternative strategy in supply chain management. Building on the logistics and manufacturing literature, this study examines characteristics of two contrasting strategies, postponement and speculation, and major factors favoring each strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - We apply the profiling approach to two business cases, HP printer and LG mobile phone. The profiling approach is a method of choosing a particular strategy aligned with environmental factors. While various approaches have been used to check the fit between a business strategy and environmental factors, the literature on manufacturing strategy and logistics has commonly adopted the profiling approach. Major factors used in profiling variables are derived from the literature. Two samples, HP printer and LG mobile phone, are selected, because they represent major characteristics appropriate for each strategy. The profiling is based on data from semi-organized interviews with managers. Results - The profiling approach shows that the postponement strategy is a suitable one for HP printers. Most factors, such as product life cycle, large production volume, low-price, product value, and monetary density, support delaying end products until as late as possible. Despite some exceptions, such as delivery time and economy of scale, our analysis states that the overall profile of HP printer is favorable for the postponement strategy. On the other hand, LG mobile phone may adapt the speculation strategy. Although it has large production volume and low delivery frequency, most characteristics support the speculation strategy for this product. An interesting finding is that, despite common perception that advanced technology products such as mobile telephones favor the postponement strategy, profiling proposes the speculation strategy for this product. Conclusions - Our analysis shows that speculation is not the universal option for supply chain management, and that, when choosing a specific strategy, one should consider many factors simultaneously. A major implication of our work is to emphasize the role of environmental factors such as supply chain variables in choosing an inventory strategy, and the importance of fit rather than solely strategic orientation. A theoretical contribution is to demonstrate the benefit of the simultaneous consideration of business variables in choosing specific strategies. For practitioners, our work leads us to consider the existence and the potential of speculation as a counter-measure to postponement. In addition, the comprehensive framework in this research may be instantly used in examining a practical strategy.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.385-394
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• 2003

Modem market's tendency is displaying brand strategy of Corporation sells product and consumer buys rand'.Brand acts by intermediate that reflect consumer's request and experience and attach product and consumer hat produce. Successful brand intended strategy empirical esthetics enemy, and consumer recognizes brand to novel experience and think by one fixed idea (awareness). any corporations wish to get maximum effect into minimum investment expense that reduce huge public elations and advertisement charge. Do to incuse impression for product brand through direct interview with consumer at purchase visual point, and do function hat drive purchase and the importance great rawly. Therefore, sight expression of brand image must be able to from immobile one impression in consumer's spirit being inked nearly with brand .Brand that situate by affirmative impression once can arrive in purchase by brand without alternative information being withdrawn by consumer's emory. Solution of visual expression for this being city cornification laying stress on logo and mark of brand as central element of brand image, speak as communication actor who back this. This to be Dija as direction that product and connection are deep before meaning that is sight language enemy who allow fetters special quality and the seniority in age sex language enemy of brand as ell as have direction of by methods method for problem solution present can .Therefore, relation with brand image analysis of sports equipment and consumer product purchase that this research forms market economy theoretical investigating to be effective and present direction that is image-making to be consistency this the purpose be.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.129-169
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to experiment and simulate the newly-updated Second Generation Model for Korea (SGM-Korea). With the updated model, we tried to simulate effect of carbon tax on $CO_2$ emissions and other macroeconomic variables for Korea. The baseline data are compared with projected profiles by various scenarios to evaluate its performance. Our contribution in this study is to having up-graded the model from its earlier version by building new hybrid input-output table based on 2000 input-output and energy balanced tables. According to our estimation, total $CO_2$ emission in Korea has already increased in 2000 to about 1.86 times the 1990 figure. The level of carbon tax required for the current level of $CO_2$ emission to be reduced to the 1995 or 2000 level seems to be too high for Korean economy to bear. It is possible to find a reasonable level of carbon tax, however, if it can combine it with improvement of energy efficiency at the rate of 0.5% to 1% per year. For Korea to meet its obligation to reduce $CO_2$ emissions, therefore, it is imperative for her to improve energy efficiency as well as to develop alternative energy source reducing its dependence on fossil fuel.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.259-284
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• 2015

This case study is to identify the role and strategies of think tanks in Britain which have shown institutional initiative in global welfare paradigm such as the establishment of welfare state, Thatcherism, and the Third Way. Fabian Society, Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), and Policy Exchange (PX) were selected for the research, and seven staff members from these think tanks were interviewed while their relevant publications were gathered and analyzed. As a result, the role of each think tank in welfare paradigm change were presented as well as strategic similarities were found: distinguished idea on the relationship between economy and welfare, adherence to independence based on their values, and strategic communication with diverse routs. However, there was also strategic difference between the first round and the second in the history. In the first round between Fabian Society and IEA, building a space for discussion based on new paradigm was the key, while in the second round between IPPR and PX, producing a set of alternative policies was the main task for them. This British example may provide useful implication to Korea, in which political debate on social welfare still just focus on individual pledges competition and the role of think tank is highly limited.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.275-295
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• 2005

Changes in business environment caused by globalization of the world economy and the beginning of the knowledge society forced hospitals to equip with tools for the enhanced competitiveness. In other words, hospitals must aim three targets such as acquisition of advanced medical skills and equipments, improvement of service level for patients, and achievement of superior managerial performance simultaneously. This study has been done to suggest a way to reduce the possibility of hospital bill claim reduction as an alternative for the achievement of superior managerial performance. If the reduction rate of hospital bill claim is high, it will put negative impact on the hospital's revenue stream and hospital's reliability. Thus, if they want to stay competitive, hospitals need to device ways to cut the reduction rate as much as possible. In this study, a prototype system has been developed and implemented to check the possibility to cut the reduction rate through deep analysis of causes of reduction. The prototype first developed utilizing data mining techniques and the relation rules algorithm. Then the prototype was tested its performance using the D hospital's live data.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-112
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• 2011

These days utilization of copyright in daily life and economic activities is becoming more important than ever, and IT technology is developing day by day. Along with those fact, copyright infringement and dispute is naturally increasing. This thesis dealt with the 3 different issues of ADR on copyright. The First part, introduce ADR system that was performed by Korea Copyright Committee according to Copyright law. This paper evaluate the committee's efforts to provide resolution of copyright disputes via conciliation was effective. So it needs to be look over several countries' ADR, beside conventional judicial remedy. And Korea's copyright conciliation system which is successfully operating also introduced. Second, In many countries, including South Korea are take advantage of conciliation as the way to settle down the dispute over copyright. Furthermore, looked over if we can use arbitration as tool to settle dispute or not. Currently in Korea, patent dispute is handled by Industrial Property Dispute Conciliation Committee(The Invention Promotion Act Ch.5) and Layout-design Review and Mediation Committee(The Act on the Layout-designs of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Art.29-34), but using performance of those two committee is still too low. In comparison, the copyright committee, a affiliation organization of the ministry of culture, sports and tourism has much more result in conciliation compare with patent dispute. Copyright disputes has arbitrability of it's subject-matter and many regulating organs are interested in it. (especially, binding of arbitral award and final resolution). Take advantage of both conciliation and arbitration could be good way to resolve copyright disputes. Third, the writer look at the proposal on the creation of Northeast Regional Center for Intellectual Property ADR. Because of the nature of copyright and rapid development of internet technology, international use of work become more frequent and accordingly infringement cases are increasing. The role of commercial arbitration regimes and institutions which has progressed significantly worldwide level, but which has only just begun in the intellectual property ADR area, leads also to a clash of often very different legal cultures and protection in a market economy. International cooperation in regional area with conflict interests becomes an important alternative. But it will depend on the building of regional institutions and mechanisms. The feasibility of this proposal and preconditions were examined. Establishment of new international organization requires a lot of time, cost and efforts. And risk of failure is much too high. Therefore factual, statistical review should be preceded. In addition, technical measures, such as on-line arbitration is necessary to review also. Furthermore in order to establish new organization, the relative law, legal environment, public sentiment and international compliance must be carefully considered with factual review about the needs and economic benefits of each country Yet on complex regulatory matters such as IP and ADR, a great deal of the potential benefits from international standards arises not from the international legal framework nor even the formal content of national legislation, but from the informed and effective use made of the possibilities within the system, including by policymakers and regulators.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this research aims to evaluate the emergence of new business mode in the Chinese water market since the mid-2000s - Transfer-Operate-Transfer(TOT) Projects. The study pays special attention to the case of the Hefei Wangxiaoying Wastewater Treatment TOT Project, which was awarded to the consortium of Berlin Water International and its Chinese partner in late 2004. The consortium secured an exclusive operating right for 23 years on the basis of a TOT scheme and would take responsibility of all the profits and losses in the operation of the plant. The total investment for the transfer amounted to RMB 491 million(US$70 million). The price was more than 288% of the original value, RMB 170 million (US$24 million). The project can be regarded as a successful case because of the following three causes. First, the Hefei government followed a series of standardized procedures in the international bidding, which ignited best-performed international players' competition for the project. Second, the project will bring in cutting-edge operation skills and management know-how. Third, the government succeeded in raising public asset values, and thanks to this, the government is able to consider other similar projects not only in the water sector but also other sectors in public utility services. Nevertheless, Berlin Water's point of view, there are several challenges. First, the company took a risk to pay such a large amount of cash to the Hefei government. Although such premium can be recouped in the operation period of 23 years, whether or not the company would be able to recover the initial investment and realize profits is in question due to an uncertainty of socio-political circumstances in China. Second, Berlin Water should expect a steep rise of water tariffs over the contract period in order to get the investment back. Water pricing is still a sensible matter to Chinese authorities, and therefore, it is uncertain if such rise of water tariffs would be possible. Third, the TOT mode leads to creation of a large amount of cash to government officials, which might have caused corruption between those who are involved in TOT deals. Then, the final contract fee would soar, which often results in the burden of normal customers. As discussed, the TOT mode has drawn much attention of foreign investors as a new alternative to enter into the Chinese water market. But it is important to note that foreign investors should be aware of possible risks in water TOT projects, which reflects some features of the Chinese political economy landscape and social norms. The Hefei case indicates that benefits can overshadow risks in TOT projects, which will continue to attract foreign investors that are dedicated to establishing their strongholds in the Chinese water market.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2008

It is important to understand thermal characteristic as a method to estimate the new materials, because spontaneous ignition characterized by causing combustion in the low temperature without ignition source. If can not find out the thermal characteristics of materials, it is frequent that causes of fires could not be found. The danger level of spontaneous ignition material should be estimated and by closely studying its thermal characteristic. However, RPF(Refuse Paper & Plastic Fuel) is a solid matter and getting increasesa year by year because it is an economy profit as alternative energy for limited fossil fuels. Some time RPF occur a fire in the cases of its production process and conservation. Therefore study for thermal stability and critical ignition temperature of RPF was so imperative that the experiment by means of Bombe Calorimeter, TG-DTA, MS80, SIT-II, and Wire Basket Test was implemented. As a result, RPF had a caloric value 26.4-28.3 MJ/kg, and its initial pyrolysis temperature was $192^{\circ}C$ at heating rate 2 K/min. With the result of analysis by MS 80 which is an instrument measuring microscopic calory, pure RPF not containing water has higher caloric value than RPF containing 20% water. Also, SIT-II which is an instrument of insulated auto-ignition was ignited by $118.5^{\circ}C$. This temperature is lower than that of Wire Basket Test. The critical ignition temperature was calculated by Frank-Kamenetskii equation can cause ignition at $80^{\circ}C$ when conserved in the height of 10 m by the standard of infinity slab.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.301-313
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• 2015

The rock cavern storage for spent fuel has been assessed to apply in Korea with reviewing the state of the art of the technologies for surface storage and rock cavern storage of spent fuel. The technical feasibility and economic aspects of the rock cavern storage of spent fuel were also analyzed. A considerable area of flat land isolated from the exterior are needed to meet the requirement for the site of the surface storage facilities. It may, however, not be easy to secure such areas in the mountainous region of Korea. Instead, the spent fuel storage facilities constructed in the rock cavern moderate their demands for the suitable site. As a result, the rock cavern storage is a promising alternative for the storage of spent fuel in the aspect of natural and social environments. The rock cavern storage of spent fuel has several advantages compared with the surface storage, and there is no significant difference on the viewpoint of economy between the two alternatives. In addition, no great technical difficulties are present to apply the rock cavern storage technologies to the storage of domestic spent fuel.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

Carbon dioxide is considered a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global wanning. $CO_2$ is a major component of the exhaust in the combustion of any hydrocarbon fuel. The regulation for $CO_2$ emission from vehicles has become much more stringent in recent years. These more stringent regulations require vehicle manufacturers to develop alternative fuels that reduce exhaust emissions. This paper evaluated the correlation of $CO_2$ emission and fuel economy in the Gasoline, Diesel, and LPG vehicles according to FTP-75 and NEDC(ECE15+EUDC) driving mode. From this study, we discovered that the decrease rate of $CO_2$ emission is higher for fuels of lower carbon concentration. When the relationship between $CO_2$ emission and fuel consumption rate according to used fuels is expressed as a function, one can find out that they have a high correlation. LPG vehicles produce less $CO_2$ emission than gasoline and diesel vehicles.