• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.496-502
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of bee venom acupuncture therapy on the hair follicle growth by macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical observation of skin 10 and 17 days after treatment. The results were as follows : Macroscopic hair follicle growth of 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group was more prominent than those of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Microscopic observation indicated that the hair follicle growth of control group reached anagen phase IV of hair growing cycle, and that of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated groups reached anagen phase VI and catagen, respectively. Immunohistochemical observations of the expression of various cytokines, enzymes and receptors in association with hair follicle cycle after local treatment of S.B.V. acupuncture therapy are as follows: Expression of fibroblast growth factor was more intense in epidermis and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Expression of epidermal growth factor was more intense in bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of 0.1 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group and control group. Expression of c-kit receptor was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of control group. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than that of control group. Expression of protein kinase C-${\alpha}$ was more intense in epidermis, bulge and outer root sheath in 0.2 ml S.B.V. acupuncture treated group than control group. It is concluded that bee venom acupuncture therapy promoted the expression of various cytokines, enzymes and receptors related to the hair growth cycle for hair growth. This findings indicates that bee venom acupuncture therapy is applicable to the treatment of hair loss.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 1994

The study was carried out to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous(iv) and intramuscular(im) administration (10mg/kr) in healthy rabbits. The results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. Bioassay (Bacillus cereus 11778) was evaluated very useful for the determination of oxytetracycline(OTC) in the rabbit serum and tissues, with the detection limit of $0.125{\mu}g/ml$. 2. The pharmacokinetic profiles of OTC (10mg/kg, iv) in rabbits were best described with a two compartment open model $(C=29.5e^{-4,3t}{\pm}3.6^{-0.2t})$, whereas that of OTC (10mg/kg, im) showed a one compartment curve fitting. 3. Following iv administration, a rapid distribution phase was predominant [$t_{\frac{1}{2}}({\alpha}):1.43{\pm}0.98hr$ (♂), $0.5{\pm}0.1hr$(♀)], and then more slow elimination phase ensued [$t_{\frac{1}{2}}({\beta}):4.52{\pm}0.76hr$(♂), $7.32{\pm}2.52hr$(♀)]. Other computer generated pharmacokinetic values were as follows:C1 [$67.76{\pm}18.59ml/kg/h$(♂), $76.03{\pm}22.98ml/kg/h$ (♀)] Vd [$257.74{\pm}180.47ml/kg$ (♂), $92.33{\pm}23.62$ (♀)] AUC [$25.6{\pm}4.44mgh/L$ (♂), $39.6{\pm}12.13mgh/l$ (♀)]. There were no statistical significance between both sexes for all the parameters at the confidence level of 95%. 4. After im administaration, the absorption from the injection sites was very rapid [ Ka:$0.18{\pm}0.03h^{-1}$ (♂), $0.24{\pm}0.02h^{-1}$ (♀)] followed by a monoexponential elimination fashion. The time to peak blood level (Tmax) were calculated $1.64{\pm}0.15hr$ and $1.34{\pm}0.24hr$, in the male and female, respectively. The peak levels (Cmax) at the corresponding time were $1.69{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/ml$ (♂) and $2.08{\pm}0.16{\mu}g/ml$ (♀), with no statistical differences (p>0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.683-688
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• 2004

A bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria was isolated from Kimchi on MRS selective media with the use of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii as an indicator strain. The strain YH-10 was identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis through the API test. The crude bacteriocin (freeze-dried 50% ammonium sulfate precipitate of culture supernatant) produced by the strain was named as lacticin YH-10. Lacticin YH-10 showed the growth inhibitory activity against Gram positive pathogenic bacteria and other lactic acid bacteria. The bacteriocin was inactivated by proteases such as protamex and aroase AP-10 and partially inactivated by amylase, proteinase K, trypsin, and papain. The lacticin YH-10 remained its activity with the treatment of heat at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 60 min or the changes of pH 2 to 11. However, the activity was lost at high pH combined with the exposure to 10$0^{\circ}C$. The bacteriocin production of the strain was started in the exponential phase and stopped in the stationary phase. The approximate molecular mass of the bacteriocin produced by the strain was approximate 14 kDa in the analysis on SDS-PAGE.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2006

This study examined the effects of socket flexion angle in trans-tibial prosthesis on stump/socket interface pressure. Ten trans-tibial amputees voluntarily participated in this study. F-socket system was used to measure static and dynamic pressure in stump/socket interface. The pressure was measured at anterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) and posterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) in different socket flexion angles ($5^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$). Paired t-test was used to compare pressure differences in conventional socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ with pressures in socket flexion angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ (${\alpha}$=.05). Mean pressure during standing in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior middle area (19.7%), posterior proximal area (10.4%), and posterior distal area (16.3%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.3%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (19.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.6%) and increased significantly in anterior distal area (8.2%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.0%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ and peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (22.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure over 80% of peak pressure ($MP_{80+}$) during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.9%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (22.5%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. $MP_{80+}$ during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior distal area (34.1%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Asymmetrical pressure change patterns in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ were revealed in anterior proximal and distal region compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. To provide comfortable and safe socket for trans-tibial amputee, socket flexion angle must be considered.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2014

Recently, the fuel oil of diesel engines of marine ships has been increasingly changed to heavy oil of low quality as the oil price is getting higher and higher. Therefore, the spiral gear attached at the motor of the oil purifier which plays an important role to purify the heavy oil is also easy to expose at severe environmental condition due to the purification of the heavy oil in higher temperature. Thus, the material of the spiral gear requires a better mechanical strength, wear and corrosion resistance. In this study, the heat treatment(tempering) with various holding time at temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ was carried out to the alloy of Cu-7Al-2.5Si as centrifugal casting, and the properties of both hardness and corrosion resistance with and without heat treatment were investigated with observation of the microstructure and with electrochemical methods, such as measurement of corrosion potential, cathodic and anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram, and a.c. impedance. in natural seawater solution. The ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}^{\prime}$ and ${\gamma}_2$ phases were observed in the material in spite of no heat treatment due to quenching effect of a spin mold. However, their phases, that is, ${\beta}^{\prime}$ and ${\gamma}_2$ phases decreased gradually with increasing the holding time at a constant temperature of $500^{\circ}C$. The hardness more or less decreased with heat treatment, however its corrosion resistance was improved with the heat treatment. Furthermore, the longer holding time, the better corrosion resistance. In addition, when the holding time was 48hrs, its corrosion current density showed the lowest value. The pattern of corroded surface was nearly similar to that of the pitting corrosion, and this morphology was greatly observed in the case of no heat treatment. It is considered that ${\gamma}_2$ phase at the grain boundary was corroded preferentially as an anode. However, the pattern of general corrosion exhibited increasingly due to decreasing the ${\gamma}_2$ phase with heat treatment. Consequently, it is suggested that the corrosion resistance of Cu-7Al-2.5Si alloy can be improved with the heat treatment as a holding time for 48 hrs at $500^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2007

HPLC quantifications of fresh and cooked (steamed/microwaved) spinach, one of the most frequently consumed vegetables in foodservice operations, were carried out to determine carotenoids compositions. An S-3 $\mu$m C30 stationary phase for reversed-phase columns with diode-array detection was used to separate and quantify geometric isomers of provitamin A carotenoids in the fresh and cooked spinach. The carotenoids in fresh spinach were identified and quantified: Lutein (63.0%), $\beta$-carotene isomers (all-trans 29.6%, 9-cis 3.2%, 13-cis 1.8%, $\alpha$-carotene 0.4%, zeaxanthin 2.1%) and cryptoxanthin. Cryptoxanthin, detected in a trace amount in HPLC, was not quantified in this study. Lutein was little affected by cooking methods and frozen conditions. 9-cis and 13-cis-$\beta$-carotene isomers were major types formed during cooking. Cooking (steam/microwave) did not alter carotenoid profiles of the samples, but the amounts of carotenoids quantified were greater than those in the fresh samples. Heat treatment such as steaming increased total carotenoids contents, especially trans-$\beta$-carotene (p<0.05). The carotenoid contents of the frozen spinach increased even after the microwaved treatment (p<0.05). These increases were likely to result from the increased extraction efficiency and inactivation of enzymes capable of carotenoids degrading during the heat treatments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.36
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• pp.267-297
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• 2003

The plain coarse pottery from the Unjeonri Bronze Age relic sites in the Cheonan, Korea were studied on the basis of clay mineralogy, geochemistry and archaegeological interpretations. For the research, the potteries are utilized at the analysis for 6 pieces of plain coarse potteries. Color of the these potteries are mainly light brown, partly shows the yellowish brown to reddish brown. The interior, surface and inside of the pottery appear as different colors in any cases. Original source materials making the Unjeonri potteries are used of mainly sandy clay soil with extreme coarse grained irregularly quartz and feldspar. The magnetic susceptibility of the Unjeonri pottery range from 0.20 to 1.20. And the Unjeonri soil's magnetic susceptibility agree almost with 0.20 to 1.30. In the same magnetization of soil and pottery, the results revealed that the Unjeonri soil and low material of pottery are same produced by identical source materials. The Unjeonri potteries and soil are very similar patterns with all characteristics of soil mineralogy, geochemical evolution trend. The result seems to be same relationships between the behavior and enrichment patterns on the basis of a compatible and a incompatible elements. Consequently, the Unjeonri potteries suggest that made the soil to be distributed in the circumstance of the relic sites as the raw material are high in a greater part. In the Unjeonri soil, the kaolinite is common occurred minerals. However, in the Unjeonri pottery, the kaolinite was not detected in all broken pieces. The kaolinite was presumed to destroy crystal structure during the firing processes of over $550^{\circ}C$. The quartz is phase transition from ${\alpha}$-quartz to ${\beta}$-quartz at $573^{\circ}C$, but the Unjeonri pottery did not investigated any phase transition evidences of quartz. The chorite was detected within the mostly potteries and soils. As the results, the Unjeonri potteries can be interpreted by not experiencing a firing temperature over $800^{\circ}C$. The colloidal and cementing materials between the quartz and low materials during the heating did not exist in the internal part of the potteries. An any secondary compounds by heating does not appear within the crack to happen during the dry of the pottery. The hyphae group are kept as it is with the root tissue of an organic matters to live in the swampy land. In the syntheses of all results, the general firing condition to bake and make the Unjeonri pottery is presumed from $550^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$. However, the firing condition making the Unjeonri pottery can be different firing temperature partially in one pottery. Even, the some part of the pottery does not take a direct influence on the fire.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07d
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• pp.1913-1915
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• 1999

The ${\beta}-SiC+ZrB_2$ ceramic composites were hot-press sintered and annealed by adding 1, 2, 3wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$(6 : 4wt%) powder as a liquid forming additives at $1950^{\circ}C$ for 4h. In this microstructures, no reactions were observed between $\beta$-SiC and $ZrB_2$, and the relative density is over 90.79% of the theoretical density and the porosity decreased with increasing $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ contents. Phase analysis of the composites by XRD revealed of $\alpha$-SiC(6H, 4H), $ZrB_2$, $Al_2O_3$ and $\beta$-SiC(15R). Flexural strength showed the highest of 315.46MPa for composites added with 3wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ additives at room temperature. Owing to crack deflection and crack bridging of fracture toughness mechanism, the fracture toughness showed the highest of $5.5328MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$ for composites added with 2wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ additives at room temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2002

In order to improve the microstructure of the strip cast Nd-Fe-B alloys that are frequently used for production of high energy sintered magnets, influence of various strip casting conditions on the microstructure and phase formation and distribution were investigated. Nd-Fe-B strips consisting of microstructures suitable for preparation of high energy sintered magnets could be obtained when the wheel speed was below 5 m/s. The compositional limit that can avoid the crystallization of free iron in the as-cast state was estimated to be Nd$\_$14/Fe$\_$79/B$\_$7/. Regardless of the compositional variation, <001> preferred orientation of Nd$_2$Fe$\_$14/B normal to the strip surface was always occurred below 5 m/s, which would eventually enhance the grain alignment during pressing the powder under a magnetic field. While the coercivity of the strip cast alloys increased with the increase of the wheel speed, mainly due to the refinement of Nd$_2$Fe$\_$14/B grains, it decreased with the reduction of Nd content in the alloy composition as the formation of free iron increased.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.465-474
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• 2001

Type 304SS coatings were performed at 200$\square$ onto AISI 1045 carbon steel substrate using unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBMS) with an austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) target of 100mm diameter. The total deposition pressure in the active Ar gas was 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ Torr. Coatings were done at various target power densities and bias voltages. Chemical compositions of metallic elements of the coatings were measured by energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDS). The structure and the morphology of Type 304SS coatings were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion properties of the coated specimens were examined using electrochemical polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a deaerated 3.5% NaCl solution. The porosity rate was obtained from a comparison of the dc polarization resistance of the uncoated and coated substrates. Scratch adhesion testing was used to compare the critical loads for different coatings. XRD results showed that the sputtered films exhibit a ferritic b.c.c. $\alpha$-phase. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that all samples had much higher corrosion potential and better corrosion resistance than the bare steel substrate. The corrosion performance increased with increasing power density and the adhesion was enhanced at the bias voltage of -50V. An improvement in the corrosion resistance can be obtained with a better coating adhesion. Finally, an optimized deposition condition for corrosion protection was found as $40W/cm^2$ and -50V.