• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.560-566
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• 2016

Imports of genetically modified (GM) soybeans (Glycine max) for food or feed consumption in Korea have been increasing. Although the cultivation of GM soybeans has not yet been allowed in Korea, the number of field tests for GM soybeans has also been rising. This study was conducted to investigate whether herbicide tolerant GM soybean can survive and persist in uncultivated environments when they escape from transportation routes or from isolated fields. Seeds of GM and non-GM soybeans and wild soybeans (Glycine soja) were buried in 2 and 15 cm soil depths and their viability was examined after 1, 2, 6, and 10 months. GM and non-GM soybean seeds completely lost their viability within six months of burial, whereas seeds of wild soybean maintained their viability during the study period. Seeds of soybean and wild soybeans that were sown on the soil surface germinated and grew to vegetative cotyledon stage. Seedlings of GM and non-GM soybean did not compete well with weeds, including Cerastium glomeratum, Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Conyza canadensis, Stellaria aquatica, and Erigeron annuus. Also, GM soybean did not survive through winter. However, wild soybeans competed well with the weeds and became dominant in August. Herbicide tolerant GM soybean is unlikely to persist under uncultivated environments and to become weeds.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.310-313
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• 1997

The seedling of barley and weed would be generally inhibited by rice straw residues in the field. This experiment was carried out to investigate the allelopathic effects of rice straw and environmental conditions of germination such as osmotic potential, pH on the seedling of barley and water foxtail. The pH did not affect the germination of barley and water foxtail. Osmotic potential to -2.9bar, -0.6bar did not affect the germination of barley and water foxtail, respectively. Rice straw mixed with soil at the concentration of 4%(w/w) reduced the dry weight of shoot and root, and volume of barley root, as compared to the untreated control. Dry weight of water foxtail by rice straw mulching was decreased by 87.1%, 86.2%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1998

When rice straw was mulched, the inhibition of weed growth was observed in the barley field. This study was carried to indentify the influence of rice straw extract on germination, shoot and root growth of barley and water foxtail, according to extraction rate, temperature, growth stage, variety and soaking time. The inhibition rate of germination, shoot and root length of barley and water foxtail was higest in rice straw extract of $24^{\circ}C$, 5hours, 10%(w/v). Daerimbyeo's extract among 17 rice varieties inhibited growth of barley most, but Anjoongbyeo's was lowest. Among five growth stages, extract at seedling stages inhibited growth of barly and water foxtail most. Among 10 barley varieties, Seaolbori showed the greatest growth inhibition by rice straw extract.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.501-517
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• 2009

This research was carried out to study the effect of mulching materials and weed control methods on weed occurrence and growth of kale on upland and paddy soil of field culture at spring and autumn season. Paddy soil temperature of mulching treatments was high by $0.9{\sim}2.0^{\circ}C$ in comparison of non-mulching at autumn season. The control value of weed was over 91% at mulch paper and time required for weed control was reduced by 70% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding. The yield of kale was similar to that of conventional culture. Paddy soil temperature of mulch paper was higher on April, but lower on May and June than non-mulching at spring season. Dominant weed was Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, The control value of weed was over 91% at mulch paper, time required for weed control was reduced by 75% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding and the yield of kale increased by 34% than conventional culture. Dominant weed was Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis Ohwi. on paddy soil at autumn season. The control value of weed was 43% at mulch paper. Time required for weed control was reduced by 80% at mulch paper + machine weeding in comparison of non-mulching + hand weeding. The yield of kale increased by 26% compared with than of conventional culture.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2015

We surveyed the distribution pattern of weeds in onion, garlic, potato, and barley fields including 304 sites of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The weeds were summarized as 30 family and 125 species in onion crop field, 29 family and 101 species in garlic field, 30 family 88 species in potato field, finally 27 family and 108 species. Compositae was dominant family (26.4%, 33 species), followed by Polygonaceae (8.8%, 11 species), Cruciferae (8.8%, 11 species) in onion field. Compositae was also dominant family (24.8%, 25 species) in garlic field, it was 22.7% (20 species) in potato field, and it was also 24.1% (26 species) in barley field, respectively. Among these winter crops, major five families were occupied 61.1, 58.4, 58.0 and 57.5% in turn at barley, onion, potato and garlic fields. The PCA-covariance plot analysis for investigation of occurrence pattern of weeds by four winter crop fields revealed that the occurrence pattern of weed species in barley field was distinguished by Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis, Stellaria alsine var. undulate and Stellaria aquatica.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.62-73
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• 2003

The study was to apply a mat style reed planting method at confluence to improve plants growth conditions by relaxing disturbed topographical base due to water flow and was intended to review the effect to build up a vegetation strip by monitoring process after the construction. First off, We've attempted to construct reed mats on selected sites as confluences of Tan and Gaehwa stream and then examined and analyzed characteristics of soil and vegetation community. As the results of the examination, the soil texture was proven to be a mix of sand and loamy sand and be 6.3 ~ 7.0 soil pH. In addition, it contained 1.0 ~ 4.6% of organic matter, 0.04 ~ 0.22% of T-N and 27.8 ~ 41.2% of water content. For its vegetation structure, the Tan stream confluence was first actually a point bar without plants prior to the construction but 8 kinds of hygrophytes including Persicaria hydropiper and 9 kinds of terrestrial plants such as Potentilla supina, Artemisia annua, and Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis. On the other hand, the Gaehwa stream confluence contained 6 kinds of hygrophytes such as Bidens frondosa and other 11 kinds of terrestrial plants prior to the construction while it produced 7 kinds of hygrophytes including Ranunculus ternatus as well as Phragmites australis and 9 kinds of terrestrial plants such as Potentilla supina after the construction. For the Phragmites australis, almost of them was weathered away in early days just after planting because of development period passed, but on May, six months later from planting, it was investigated that its length was approximated as 65 ~ 85cm with 75% coverage and that the number of it was 437 ~ 633/$m^2$. The study was shown that reed mats can improve environmental conditions of disturbed topographical base, enabling natural growth of various riparian vegetation including the introduced plant, reed. In the meantime, it was supposedly judged that to recover or build up a vegetarian strip, supplementary materials should be prepared to help produce and grow plants because it is not probable to expect river drift by water flow at confluence and that corrosion, burying or inundation owing to changes of water lever should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.252-257
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• 2010

The experiments were carried out to develop ecological weed control system in wheat field of rice-wheat cropping system. The results were, depression effect on water foxtail by wheat seeding method decreased the seeding after doing soil rotary by 85% compared with the no practices. The occurrence of Water foxtail was 40 piece $m^{-2}$ on October 16, 29 piece $m^{-2}$ on October 26, and 4 piece $m^{-2}$ when surveying based on the standard of seeding the wheat at 15kg $ha^{-1}$ which decreased as the seeding time got later. According to the wheat seeding quantity 29 piece $m^{-2}$ occurred at 150kg $ha^{-1}$, and 8-11 piece $m^{-2}$ decreasingly at more than 200 kg $ha^{-1}$ of wheat seedlings based on seeding on October 26. As a result of summarizing the above results, crushing the soil by use of rotary before seeding wheat against the end of October, and seeding by increasing the seedling quantity (200 kg $ha^{-1}$) it is judged that the competition damage by weeds including water foxtail can be reduced without any use of herbicide.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2015

This study was conducted to provide basic information for weed control by surveying the occurrence of weed species in upland crop fields in Gyeongnam province of Korea. The result of this survey, 55 weed species 21 families in barley fields, 56 weed species 22 families in garlic fields, 47 weed species 19 families in onion fields, 68 weed species 26 families in Chinese cabbage fields, 54 weed species 22 families in potato fields, 62 weed species 25 families in sweet potato fields, 87 weed species 29 families in red pepper fields, 79 weed species 28 families in corn fields, 84 weed species 29 families in soybean fields. The most dominant weed species in upland crop fields of Gyeongnam province were Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis 20.7% (barley fields), Cardamine flexuosa 12.3% (garlic fields), Chenopodium ficifolium 18.7% (onion fields), Portulaca oleracea 8.1% (Chinese cabbage fields), Chenopodium ficifolium 13% (potato fields), Digitaria ciliaris 12.6% (sweet potato fields and red pepper fields) and Digitaria ciliaris 11.3% (corn fields), 13.2% (soybean fields). This information could be useful for establishment of future weed control methods in Gyeongnam province.