• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.886-892
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• 2015

The antimicrobial effects of ten isothiocyanates (ITCs) present in cruciferous vegetables and radish root hydrolysate were investigated against pathogenic bacteria from olive flounder. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured against two gram-positive bacterial strains (Streptococcus parauberis, S. iniae) and four gram-negative bacterial strains (Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio ichthyoenteri, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae) by using a broth microdilution technique. The antibacterial activity of ITCs was in the order sulforaphane > sulforaphene > phenylethyl ITC > erucin > benzyl ITC > iberin > I3C > allyl ITC > phenyl ITC > hexyl ITC. The susceptibility of fish pathogens to ITCs was in the order of V. harveyi > E. tarda > P. damselae > S. parauberis > S. iniae > V. ichthyoenteri. Antimicrobial activity (MIC) of radish root hydrolysate was 0.250 mg/mL against S. iniae, 0.438 mg/mL against S. parauberis, and 0.500 mg/mL against both E. tarda and V. harveyi. The aliphatic ITCs were potent inhibitors of the growth of fish pathogens, followed by aromatic ITCs and indolyl ITC. The presence of a double bond in the chemical structure of ITCs decreased antibacterial activity, while ITCs with a thiol (-S-) group and a longer carbon chain increased antibacterial activity. These results suggest that ITCs have strong antibacterial activities and may be useful in the prevention of fish pathogens.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2009

When the symptom of periapical infection is not released by mechanical instrumentation. anti-microbial agents including antibiosis become necessary in order to remove microorganisms from the root canal. Since anti-microbial agents of natural origins are currently popular, more natural remedies are being sought out. As it turns out, it is well known isothiocyanates (ITCs) in horseradish root extract have anti-microbial activity from many studies. In this research, anti-microbial effects of horseradish root extract and chlorhexidine, a typical anti-microbial agent, were investigated and compared against two kinds of obligate anaerobes. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella nigrescens, that are often discovered in infected root canal, and Clostridium perfringens, which is resistant to antibiotics and frequently used as a control strain for antibacterial studies 1. The MIC and MBC of horseradish root extract were ranged from 87 to 470 ppm and from 156 to 625 ppm against three kinds of obligate anaerobes, respectively. Horseradish root extract showed the strongest anti-bacterial activity (MBC, 156 ppm) against F. nucleatum and also showed anti-bacterial activity against antibiotic resistant obligate anaerobes. C. perfringens. 2. The MIC and MBC of chlorhexidine were ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 ppm and 10.94 ppm against three kinds of obligate anaerobes, respectively. 3. The MIC with 87-470 ppm of horseradish root exact has the same growth inhibiting effect as the one of 3.12-6.25 ppm of chlorhexidine. Likewise, the MBC with 156-625 ppm of horseradish has the similar bactericidal effect as 10.94 ppm of chlorhexidine.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.810-816
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• 2009

To identify effective food packaging compounds that could significantly affect the freshness of stored food, the efficiency and performance of porous polypropylene film containing mustard oil as a freshness maintenance ingredient was studied by GC-MS analysis and storage testing of bread. AITC (allyl-isothiocyanate)-emitting properties of films impregnated with mustard oil were evaluated by GC-MS. AITC was extracted from mustard oil, and used as a vapor as an effective antimicrobial agent. Films were prepared under four different conditions (the film types were abbreviated 25SF1, 25SF2, 50LF, and IAF) and the amounts of AITC inside vinyl packs constructed using the four films were measured. The results showed that the 25SF2 film (width 25 mm, length 20 cm) yielded a greater amount of AITC than did the 50LF film (width 50 mm, length 20 cm). We confirmed that the amount of gas emission showed better between layer and layer of the film side than the internal film. In storage testing using various films at $35^{\circ}C$ for 25 days, 25SF2 film provided excellent preservation of bread compared with 50LF film. This was in line with the fact that 25SF2 film yielded the highest amount of AITC. Emission capacities AITC of 2 cm film were measured using bottles various volumes (43 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL) and both closed and open systems. The AITC content of the film in 43 mL bottle was much higher than that yielded by other films in the closed system, and AITC was rapidly emitted, with relatively low residual gas emission after 4 days in an open system. Mustard oil is a useful freshness maintenance ingredient hence, analysis of AITC emission kinetics from various films were helpful to develop films with optimal antimicrobial effects, and will allow application of such films in food packaging systems.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the amounts of glucosinolates (GSL) in kale at various development stages. Kale varieties 'Manchoo Collard' and 'TBC' were cultivated from 20 February 2012 to 3 July 2013 in the greenhouse at Chungnam National University. During the cultivation periods, samples were harvested at 35, 63, 91, 105, 119, and 133 days after sowing (DAS) and the amount of GSL quantified by HPLC. Ten types of GSL (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, glucoiberverin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin, and neoglucobrassicin) were observed in 'TBC', whereas nine types of GSL (the same as above, except glucoiberverin) were identified in 'Manchoo Collard'. The amount of total GSL in 'Manchoo Collard' was comparatively higher at 133 DAS (mean $8.64{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and lower at 35 DAS ($1.16{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry weight, DW) of cultivation. In the case of 'TBC', the amount of GSL was higher at 91 DAS (mean $13.41{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and lower at 35 DAS ($0.31{\mu}mol{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry weight, DW). Sinigrin was the most abundant GSL (57% of total GSL) in 'Manchoo Collard' at 133 DAS and was also highest (44%) in 'TBC' at 91 DAS. Together, progoitrin, sinigrin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin, the precursor of crambene, allylisothiocyanate, indol-3-cabinol, and phenethylisothiocyanate accounted for 94 and 78% of GSL in 'Manchoo Collard' and 'TBC', respectively. Our results demonstrate that the amounts of GSL, which have potential anti-carcinogenic activity, change during development in kale.