• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2005

The protective effect of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) extract on alloxan-induced pancreatic β-cell damage was investigated in HIT T-15 cells, a Syrian hamster pancreatic β-cell line. Alloxan caused the pancreatic β-cell damage through the generation of reactive oxygen free radicals, increased DNA fragmentation, and decreased cellular NAD/sup +/ levels. The β-cell damage was significantly prevented by the pretreatment with water soluble extract of AS roots. These results suggest that the protective effect of AS extract, on alloxan-induced β-cell damage, is primarily due to the inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen free radical species (ROS) by alloxan.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.20-33
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• 2000

The author was used for the ICR mouse and induced diabetes with the streptozotocin(50mg/kg)and alloxan(40mg/kg). After the testing and the identifying the diabetes, the histological changes of the glomerulus, blood test for the values of blood sugar, and urine test for the values of urine protein were investigated. The results are as follows : 1. The values of high blood sugar appeared from the 2 group were about $378mg/d{\ell}{\sim}709mg/d{\ell}$, in the treated groups with the streptozotocin and alloxan. The glycosuria were obviously continued from the 2 weeks to the 12 weeks of the streptozotocin and the alloxan treated groups and the proteinuria was ${\pm}{\sim}+$ in the 4 weeks and 8 weeks of streptozotocin treated group and were + in all the 12 weeks. The ketonuria were generally negative. 2. In the view of the light microscope, there was no significant histological changes until the 8 weeks. However, in the 12 weeks group treated with the streptozotocin, the mesangial matrix of glomerulus increased Bowman's capsules adhered to each other and changed them to the crescence shapes because of increasing the exothelial cells.

• 생약학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.225-232
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• 1991

The hypoglycemic and metabolic effects of Commelina communis L. extract were investigated in alloxan-diabetic rats. The increased blood glucose level in the diabetic rats was significantly lowered and the loss of body weight in the diabetic rats was recovered with the treatments of the crude extract. Administration of the extract elicited the significant increase of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and liver weight which were decreased in the alloxan-treated rat serum and liver. On the other hand, the kidney weight and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were increased in the alloxan treated rat kidney and were potentiated by the treatment of the extract. In both liver and kidney, together with serum, alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activities were increased in the alloxan diabetic rats and were not recovered, rather potentiated by the administration of the extract.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.875-880
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• 2000

Reactive oxygen species are produced under diabetic conditions and possibly cause various forms of tissue damage in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high glucose on the alloxan-induced beta cell injury. The insulinoma (RINm5F) cells were clutured either with high glucose (22.2 mM) or normoglucose (5.6 mM) in RPMI 1460 media for 3 days. The SOD activities were determined by spectrophotometric assay and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) stain. The effects of high glucose on the cytotoxicity of alloxan were also investigated in RINm5F cells and the cells viability were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods. Results showed that the CuZn-SOD activity was decreased but Mn-SOD activity was increased significantly in RINm5F cells cultured with high glucose (22.2 mM) media. The cytotoxicity of alloxan was increased by high glucose compared with normoglucose in RINm5F cells. Diethyl-dithiocarbarmate (DDC), as inhibitor of CuZn-SOC, also potentiate the alloxan-induced cytotoxocity in RINm5F cells. These results suggest that, in RINm5F cells, short term culture with high glucose media decreases Cu-Zn-SOD activity and the decreased activity of CuZn-SOD many one of the causative factors of beta-cell injury induced by high glucose.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract from Chrysanthemum cornarium L. var. spatiosum(CSE) against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells, HIT-T15. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of CSE was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliu bromide(MTT) cell proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release assay, $NAD^+$/NADH ratio and insulin secretion. To further investigate whether CSE is involved in the antioxidant activity of alloxan-damaged HIT-T15 cells, its antioxidant effect against alloxan-induced oxidative stress was measured in HIT-T15 cells by determining the levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). The results of this analysis showed that alloxan significantly decreased cell viability, increased LDH leakage, and lowered $NAD^+$/NADH ratio and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells. However, CSE significantly increased the viability of alloxan-treated cells and lowered LDH leakage. The intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and insulin secretion were also significantly increased by 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, after treatment with 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ CSE. The HIT-T15 cells treated with alloxan showed significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while CSE significantly elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggest that CSE could have a protective effect against cytotoxicity and dysfunction of pancreatic cells in the presence of alloxan-induced oxidative stress.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.802-807
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• 2001

표고버섯과 보리에서 추출한 ${\beta}-glucan(M500,\;B500)$을 Alloxan으로 당뇨를 유발시킨 6주령의 ICR 마우스에 10 일간 경구 투여를 실시하고 식이 섭취량 및 체중의 변화를 관찰하고 혈액중의 포도당 농도, 혈액과 간장 중의 지질 성분 및 각종 장기의 무게 변화를 측정하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. Alloxan 유발 당뇨 마우스에서 B500군과 M500군은 정상대조군에 비해 거의 2 배에 가까운 식이 섭취량이 관찰되었으나 이에 따른 체중 변화는 시료 투여군에서 당뇨 대조군과 정상 대조군보다 유의적으로 체중이 감소하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 혈중 포도당 농도는 당뇨 대조군의 경우 실험기간 시작부터 종료시까지 고혈당을 유지하였으나, B500군과 M500군은 당뇨 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 혈당치를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 혈중 중성지방 함량은 당뇨 대조군이 정상 대조군에 비해 약 1.7배 정도 증가하였다. B500군은 당뇨 대조군에 비해 중성지방의 농도가 유의적으로 감소하였으나, M500군에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(0.05). 혈액중 총 콜레스테롤 농도와 LDL 콜레스테롤 농도는 각 군에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상에서 표고버섯과 보리의 ${\beta}-glucan$을 Alloxan 유발 당뇨 마우스에 투여하였을 때 체중 및 혈중 포도당 농도가 감소되었고, 특히 보리 ${\beta}-glucan$은 혈중 중성지방 농도를 감소시키는 경향을 보였으므로 표고버섯과 보리의 ${\beta}-glucan$이 당뇨병에 대한 개선 효과가 있다고 인정되며 이를 이용한 기능성 식품으로의 개발 가능성이 높다고 사료된다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 1971

It is well known that diabetes mellitus is associated with metabolic derangements, such as hyper-glycemia, ketosis, glycosuria, and also widespread alterations in the blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, peripheral nerves and heart. It is also recognized that healing of skin wound is delayed in diabetics. In bone, according to Aegerter, osteopenia develops in diabetes mellitus and it is chiefly ascribed to overutilization of protein. Shim claims that total blood flow to the entire skeletal system is approximately 4 to 8 percent of resting cardiac output and blood supply to the skeletal system would be decreased on account of secondary arteriosclerotic changes in the diabetics. An adequate blood supply is an essential factor in the healing process of fracture, and disturbed blood flow, either local or systemic, will invariably delay union of the fragments or the fragments from being fused. As the author has encountered several cases of diabetics in whom healing of fracture was delayed or incomplete, this experimental study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus on the healing process of fracture. In this experiment adult albino rabbits, weighing about 2 kg. were used and divided into 6 groups. The femur of each animal was fractured surgically, and then the healing process of fracture was periodically checked by radiography at an interval of one week for a period of 6 weeks. Thereafter, all the rabbits were killed to obtain tissue preparation of the femur. The experimental groups were as follows; 1) Control group: Six rabbits sustained a surgical fracture to the femur, without being given any other treatment or drug. 2) Alloxan-treated group: For inducing diabetes, alloxan was given intravenously to 17 rabbits in various dose as follows; to 7 of them 40 mg/kg, to 6 rabbits 80 mg/kg and to 4 rabbits 120 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. 3) Insulin-treated group: Protamine-zinc insulin was injected subcutaneously to each of 6 rabbits in a daily dose of 1 unit per kilogram of body weight. 4) Group treated with insulin after alloxan: Four rabbits were given 80 mg of alloxan once and than 1 unit of insulin per kilogram of body weight daily. Another 5 rabbits were injected 1 unit of insulin per kg of body weight daily following administration of alloxan in a dose of 120 mg/kg. 5) Homotransplantation group: Following intravenous injection of alloxan in a dose of 120 mg/kg, 10 rabbits underwent homotransplantation of a short bone segment to the femur. Five of them were subsequently given 1 unit/kg of insulin daily. 6) Sugar-treated group: six rabbits were fed $15{\sim}20$ gm of sugar daily throughout the period of experiment. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Blood sugar level and damage to the pancreatic islet increased proportionately when alloxan was given to the rabbits in various doses. No appreciable change could be observed in the islets when the blood sugar level was altered by either oral administration of sugar or subcutaneous injection of insulin. 2. Comparing with the control group, healing of fracture was delayed in the alloxan-treated group, while callus formation and periosteal reaction were shown to be more prominent in this group and subsequently, the ultimate osseous tissue formed at the fracture site was significantly smaller in amount and less compact. These findings were more marked as the amount of alloxan increased. 3. Administration of insulin prevented the delay in healing process of fracture in the rabbits with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. In this case, the course and progression of fracture healing were almost similar to those of control group. 4. Union between the host bone and the fragment transplanted from other rabbit of the same species was more delayed in the group treated with alloxan alone than in the group to which insulin was administered after development of alloxan-induced diabetes. In both groups periosteal new bone developed from the ends of the host bone, above and below the transplanted fragment, and directly fused with failure of periosteal callus to bridge the adjacent ends of the host bone and the transplanted fragment. 5. The healing process of fracture was not inhibited by alteration in blood sugar level when the blood sugar was abnormally increased by excessive sugar intake or lowered by administration of insulin alone. The healing of fracture in these groups progressed similarly as in the control group. In brief summary, it appears that the healing process of fracture would be definitely disturbed in diabetic state brought about by damage to the pancreatic islet. As such an inhibition could be overcome with insulin, it seems that insulin plays an important role in healing of fracture, but alteration in blood sugar level alone does not modify healing process of fracture to significant degree.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.986-992
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• 1996

Alloxan(alloxan monohydrate 15mg/kg B.W./day, I.P. injection)으로 유발된 당뇨성 Sprague-Dawley계 숫흰쥐에 있어서 6년근 및 22년근 도라지 추출액의 급여가 혈당 및 혈청, 간장의 지질개선 효과를 규명하기 위해 3주간 실험 사육한 결과, 혈당 농도는 대조군(1군, 기본식이)에 비해 alloxan 투여군(2군, 3군, 4군)에서 유의적으로 높았으나, 2군(기본식이 ＋alloxan)에 비해서 3군(기본식이＋alloxan＋6년근 도라지 추출액), 4군(기본식이 ＋alloxan＋22년근 도라지 추출액)이 낮았으며, 특히 4군이 낮았다. 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 1군이 가장 낮았고, 2군에 비해 3군, 4군이 낮았으나, 4군에서 더욱 낮았다. 혈청 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 1군이 가장 높았으나 2군에 비해 도라지 추출액 급여군(3군, 4군)에서 높게 나타났으며 4군이 더 높았다. 동맥경화지수는 2군에 비해 3군, 4군이 낮았다. 혈청 유리콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤 에스테르, 중성지질 및 인지질의 농도는 2군에 비해 전 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 간장 중 총 콜레스데롤, 중성 지질 및 인지질의 함량은 2군에 비해 전 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈청 AST, ALT및 LDH활성은 2군이 가장 높았으며 다른 실험군들은 비교적 낮았다. 이상의 결과에서 도라지 추출액이 혈당, 혈청 및 간장의 지질개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 22년근 도라지 추출액이 더욱 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.1102-1106
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• 2010

본 연구는 진피 에탄올 추출물의 alloxan에 의해 유도된 HIT-T15 세포의 산화적 손상으로부터 세포 생존율 및 인슐린분비 조절능에 대해 조사하였다. 진피 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 측정한 결과, 각각 $57.00{\pm}2.91\;mg/g$, $8.11{\pm}2.83\;mg/g$으로 나타났으며 alloxan 처리 농도가 증가됨에 따라 HIT-T15 세포의 생존율은 감소하였으며, alloxan 11.58 mM에서 약 50%의 세포 독성이 일어남을 확인하였다. 동결건조 된 진피 에탄올 추출물(CP-Et) 0.125~0.75 mg/mL 농도에서 무처리구의 세포 생존율은 $100.90{\pm}1.51{\sim}97.56{\pm}0.73%$로 나타나 HIT-T15 세포에 대한 CP-Et의 처리 농도는 0.125~0.75 mg/mL로 결정하였다. 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/mL 농도의 CP-Et를 처리한 결과, alloxan에 의해 유도된 산화적 세포손상으로부터 세포 생존율이 각각 $80.52{\pm}3.29$, $74.17{\pm}6.75$, $67.53{\pm}5.8%$로 나타나 유의성 있게 보호되어짐을 확인하였다. CP-Et를 처리한 HIT-T15 세포에서는 산화적 손상에 대한 세포 생존율과는 다르게 0.125 mg/mL 농도에서 $116.93{\pm}2.11{\mu}g/mg$로 인슐린 분비가 대조구와 비교 시 유의적으로 증가되었음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 진피 에탄올 추출물에 의한 항산화적 방어로 2형 당뇨의 $\beta$-cell 양의 감소와 인슐린 저항성에 대한 개선이 가능함을 제시하며, 그 작용 기작에 대해서는 차후 더 많은 연구가 필요하다 하겠다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1999

To investigate recovery effects of Insambackhotang, which have been used clinically in diabetes therapny, on kidney failure of a diabetes-induced mouse by Alloxan administration, body and kidney weight changes of mice, BUN, creatinine, glucose and MDA level in serum, MDA level in kidney tissue. 1. A hyperglycemia(250-400mg/dl) mouse induced by Alloxan(75mg/kg) showed significant decline of kidney function: increase of BUN and creatinine in serum, excretion of glucose, protein, ketone in urine were observed at 4 days after the treatment. 2. Increase of the mouse body and kidney weight and a ratio of the kidney/body weight of Insambackhotang treated group as compared to the control group was significantly inhibited. 3. The BUN, creatinine level in serum of Insambackhotang treated group as compared to the control group were significantly inhibited. 4. The MDA level in serum and kidney tissue of Insambackhotang treated group as compared to the control group were significantly inhibited.