• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of 5 current dentin bonding systems which are composed of 2 multi-bottle systems(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond2) and 3 one-bottle systems(Single bond, One-Step, Prime & Bond). In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of sixty extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 10 samples (20 surfaces) each, Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose ; Group 2 : All Bond 2 ; Group 3 : Single Bond ; Group 4 : One-Step ; Group 5 : Prime & Bond ; Group 6 : no bonding agent(control). The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 60 teeth were placed in 2% Methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimen were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were then observed with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}20$. The results of study were statistically analyzed using the Student-Newmann-Keul's Methods and the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test. The resin/dentin interfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of this study were as follows. 1. None of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed significant difference in leakage values at both the enamel and the dentin margins (P>0.05). 2. In all groups except the control, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin (P<0.05). 3. Compared to the control group, all the groups treated with dentin bonding systems showed significantly lower leakage value at both enamel and dentin margins (P<0.05). 4. In the SEM view, gaps were observed in the composite resin / dentin interface in group 6 where no dentin bonding agent was used, and in all the other groups (group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) composite resin, hybrid layer, and dentin were seen to be closely adhering to each other where there were no leakages. Well-developed resin tags 3~100${\mu}m$ in length infiltrated dentinal tubules past the hybrid layer and a hybrid layer 1~5${\mu}m$ thick had developed between the dentinal surface and the composite resin surface.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The aim was to evaluate the effect of curing mode and different dentin surface pretreatment on microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) of self-adhesive resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-six extracted human permanent molars were sectioned horizontally exposing flat dentin surface. The teeth were divided into 12 groups (3 teeth/group) according to the dentin surface pretreatment methods (control, 18% EDTA, 10% Polyacrylic acid) and curing mode (self-curing vs. light-curing) of cement. After pretreatment, composite resin blocks were cemented with the following: (a) G-CEM LinkAce; (b) RelyX U200, followed by either self-curing or light-curing. After storage, the teeth were sectioned and ${\mu}TBS$ test was performed using a microtensile testing machine. The data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Student T-test and Scheffe's post-hoc test at P<.05 level. RESULTS. For G-CEM LinkAce cement groups, polyacrylic acid pretreatment showed the highest ${\mu}TBS$ in the self-cured group. In the light-cured group, no significant improvements were observed according to the dentin surface pretreatment. There were no significant differences between curing modes. Both dentin surface pretreatment methods helped to increase the ${\mu}TBS$ of RelyX U200 resin cement significantly and degree of pretreatment effect was similar. No significant differences were found regarding curing modes except control groups. In the comparisons of two self-adhesive resin cements, all groups within the same pretreatment and curing mode were significantly different excluding self-cured control groups. CONCLUSION. Selecting RelyX U200 used in this study and application of dentin surface pretreatment with EDTA and polyacrylic acid might be recommended to enhance the bond strength of cement to dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: This study examined the effects of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives with different compositions and pH. The effect of ethanol wetting on etched dentin bond strength of self-etch adhesives was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: Forty-two human permanent molars were classified into 21 groups according to the adhesive types (Clearfil SE Bond [SE, control]; G-aenial Bond [GB]; Xeno V [XV]; Beauti Bond [BB]; Adper Easy Bond [AE]; Single Bond Universal [SU]; All Bond Universal [AU]), and the dentin conditioning methods. Composite resins were placed on the dentin surfaces, and the teeth were sectioned. The microtensile bond strength was measured, and the failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. Results: In GB, XV and SE ($pH{\leq}2$), the bond strength was decreased significantly when the dentin was etched (p < 0.05). In BB, AE and SU (pH 2.4 - 2.7), additional etching did not affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). In AU (pH = 3.2), additional etching increased the bond strength significantly (p < 0.05). When adhesives were applied to the acid etched dentin with ethanol-wet bonding, the bond strength was significantly higher than that of the no ethanol-wet bonding groups, and the incidence of cohesive failure was increased. Conclusions: The effect of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength was influenced by the pH of one-step self-etch adhesives. Ethanol wetting on etched dentin could create a stronger bonding performance of one-step self-etch adhesives for acid etched dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of multiple decontamination procedures for salivary contamination after curing of a universal adhesive on dentin bond strength according to its etch modes. Materials and Methods: Forty-two extracted bovine incisors were trimmed by exposing the labial dentin surfaces and embedded in cylindrical molds. A universal adhesive (All-Bond Universal, Bisco) was used. The teeth were randomly divided into groups according to etch mode and decontamination procedure. The adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions for a given etch mode. With the exception of the control groups, the cured adhesive was contaminated with saliva for 20 sec. In the self-etch group, the teeth were divided into three groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive. In the etch-and-rinse group, the teeth were divided into four groups: control, decontamination with rinsing and drying, decontamination with rinsing, drying, and adhesive, and decontamination with rinsing, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive. A composite resin (Filtek Z350XT, 3M ESPE) was used for filling and was cured on the treated surfaces. Shear bond strength was measured, and failure modes were evaluated. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variation and Tukey's HSD test. Results: The etch-and-rinse subgroup that was decontaminated by rinse, drying, re-etching, and reapplication of adhesive showed a significantly higher bond strength. Conclusions: When salivary contamination occurs after curing of the universal adhesive, additional etching improves the bond strength to dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.222-231
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strength and interfacial pattern of composite bond-ed to dentin using self-etching adhesive systems. Sixty extracted human molars with exposed occlusal dentin were divided into four groups and bonded with four adhesives and composites. Single Bond/Filtek Z 350(SB), Tyrian SPE-One-Step Plus/Aelitefil(TY), Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z 250(LP), and One-Up Bond F/palfique Toughwell(OU). The results of this study were as follows; 1 Shear bond strength for OU was significantly lower than that of other groups(p＜0.05). No significant difference was founded among SB, TY, and LP. 2. Failure modes to dentin showed adhesive and mixed for SB TY and LP, but them for OU showed adhesive in all spceimens. 3. Dentin-resin interface showed close adaptation for SB, TY, and LP, but it showed gap for OU. 4. The hybrid layers for TY, LP OU were thinner than that of SB. Adhesive layers were observed between composite and hybrid layer, which were 5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick for TY and 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick for OU.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2005

이 연구의 목적은 all-in-one adhesive인 Adper Prompt $L-Pop^{TM}$과 $Xeno^{(R)}$ III를 우식이환 상아질에 다층 적용했을 때의 효과를 미세인장결합강도의 측정과 주사전자현미경을 이용한 파절양상의 관찰을 통해 알아보는데 있다. 교합면 우식이 있는 21개의 치아에서 편평한 상아질 면이 노출되도록 하여 감염 상아질을 제거한 후 3개씩 7개의 군으로 분류하였다. SM 군은 $Scotchbond^{TM}$ Multi-purpose를 적용하였다. LP1 군, LP2 군, LP3 군은 Adper Prompt $L-Pop^{TM}$을 각각 단층, 2층, 3층으로 적용하였다. XN1 군, XN2 군, XN3 군은 Xeno^{(R)}$ III를 각각 단층, 2층. 3층으로 적용하였다. 각각의 상아질 접착제 처리 후, 광중합레진인 $Filtex^{TM}$ Z-250을 10mm 높이로 적층 충전하였다. 각 치아는 가로와 세로의 길이가 각각 1 mm인 막대 모양의 절편이 되도록 수직으로 절단하였다. 그 후 미세인장결합강도를 측정하였다. 측정 후 파절된 시편을 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 파절양상을 살펴보았다. 각 군의 미세인장결합강도를 one-way ANOVA와 $95\%$ 신뢰도의 Scheffe's Test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 미세인장결합강도를 측정한 결과, SM 군은 14.38{\pm}2.01$ MPa, LP1군, LP2 군, LP3 군은 각각 $9.15{\pm}1.81$ MPa, $14.08{\pm}1.75$ MPa, $14.06{\pm}1.45$ MPa로 측정되었고, XN1 군, XN2 군, XN3 군은 각각 $13.65{\pm}1.95$ MPa, $13.98{\pm}1.60$ MPa, $13.88{\pm}1.66$ MPA로 측정되었다. LP1 군은 다른 모든 군에 비해 낮은 미세인장결합강도를 나타내었고 (p < 0.05). LP1 군을 제외한 다른 모든 군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p > 0.05). 2. 파절양상을 관찰한 결과, LP1 군에서는 접착성 파절이 우세하게 나타났고, LP1 군을 제외한 다른 모든 군에서는 혼합형 파절이 주로 일어났다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to determine whether the combined use of one-bottle self-etch adhesives and composite resins from same manufacturers have better bond strengths than combinations of adhesive and resins from different manufacturers. Materials and Methods: 25 experimental micro-shear bond test groups were made from combinations of five dentin adhesives and five composite resins with extracted human molars stored in saline for 24 hr. Testing was performed using the wire-loop method and a universal testing machine. Bond strength data was statistically analyzed using two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Two way ANOVA revealed significant differences for the factors of dentin adhesives and composite resins, and significant interaction effect (p < 0.001). All combinations with Xeno V (Dentsply De Trey) and Clearfil $S^3$ Bond (Kuraray Dental) adhesives showed no significant differences in micro-shear bond strength, but other adhesives showed significant differences depending on the composite resin (p < 0.05). Contrary to the other adhesives, Xeno V and BondForce (Tokuyama Dental) had higher bond strengths with the same manufacturer's composite resin than other manufacturer's composite resin. Conclusions: Not all combinations of adhesive and composite resin by same manufacturers failed to show significantly higher bond strengths than mixed manufacturer combinations.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Adhesives in dentistry playa major role in the success of restorative treatments. In the treatment of all ceramic restoration it is needed to find the adequate bond strength between enamel and dentin. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to extracted human uncut enamel, cut enamel, and dentin in vitro. Material and methods. Ten freshly extracted anterior teeth without any previous restorative treatments were chosen. The extracted teeth were embedded in PMMA cold acrylic in the shape of a cylinder, 25 mm in diameter by 25 mm in height. The bonding system used was as follow: Uni-Etch (32% phosphoric acid), One-Step adhesive, Duolink resin cement. The specimens were acid etched and rinsed with water. Two layers of One-Step adhesive were coated with a disposable brush on the uncut enamel. VIP curing light at $500mV/cm^2$ was used to cure the adhesive. For cut enamel shear bond test, the specimen used for uncut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.3{\sim}0.5mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.3 mm in depth). The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit SiC paper and cleaned with distilled water. The bonding procedure on the cut enamel was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. For dentin bonding test, the specimen used for cut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.5mm{\sim}1.0mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.5 mm in depth of diamond cutting). The amount of reduction was evaluated with the silicone mold. The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit silicon carbon paper and cleaned in distilled water. The bonding procedure on the dentin was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. All samples were mounted and secured on the Ultradent shear bond test sample holder, and Ultradent restricted shear bond testing device was used with Universal Instron machine until fracture. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the result at P<0.05. Multiple comparison (Tukey) was used to compare each groups. Result. The result showed that the mean value in shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to uncut enamel, cut enamel and dentin were 27.04 Mpa, 30.25 Mpa and 26.39 Mpa with respect. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, the mean value of the shear bond strength of cut enamel was higher than those of uncut enamel or dentin. However there existed no statistical differences between three different human dentition substrates due to increased adhesive characteristics.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.126-142
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various dentin surface treatments on shear bond strength, microhardness and fracture mode before and after thermocycling. Recently extracted 75 human molars were used. The teeth were sagittal sectioned faciolingually to obtain 150 specimens. They were randomly divided into six groups. Mesial and distal dentinal surfaces of specimens were exposed by grinding and treated respectively with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER. 10-3 solution of 4-Meta, Cleansar and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2, DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND according to the manufacturers directions. Specimens of one group were not treated. Adhesive agent of Scotchbond 2, were applied and cured on the treated dentin surfaces. After P-50 were cured on them, specimens were stored in 31c water for 24 hours before shear bond strength measurement Shear bond strength was measured in 10 specimens of each group. 10 specimens of each group were thermocycled in $20^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$,$20^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ water in order, for 30 seconds respectively, 100 times a day for 7 days. After thermocycling shear bond strength was measured. Microhardness was checked on treated dentin surface and fractured dentin surface in 10 specimens respectievly. Francture modes were observed with SEM The following results were obtained. 1. Before thermocycling. shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND were significantly higher than those in other specimens(P<0.01). 2. After thermocycling. shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2 and DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of AIL BOND were significantly higher than those in specimens not: treated, treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and 10-3 solution of 4-Meta(P<0.01). Shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND were significantly higher than those in other specimens except those treated with Scotchprep of Srotchbond 2(P<0.01). 3. Shear bond strengths after thermocycling were reduced in the specimens not treated, treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and 10-3 solution of 4-Meta and were increased in the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2, without significance, compared with those before thermocycling. In the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, shear bond strengths after thermocycling were significantly increased, compared with those before thermocycling(P<0.01). 4. Microhardnesses in the fractured surfaces after shear bond strength measurement were significantly increased in the specimens treated with 10-3 solution of 4-Meta and significantly decreased in the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, compared with those in the treated dentin surfaces(P<0.01). 5. In the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2 and DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, cohesive fracture modes were observed more than adhesive fracture modes.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.66-78
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• 2004

초기의 접착 시스템은 여러 단계의 술식을 필요로 하였으며 술자의 기술과 재료의 성질에 크게 좌우되었으나 최근 산부식, priming, adhesive를 한번에 적용할 수 있는 all-in-one adhesive system이 등장하였다. 치과에서의 vibration의 이용은 치석의 제거 및 접착제의 점도를 낮추는데 이용되어왔으며 vibration은 접착제의 흐름성을 향상시켜 film thickness를 낮추어 수복물 주위의 미세누출을 줄이는데 도움을 준다. 이에 저자들은 all-in-one adhesive system에서 vibration이 법랑질과 상아질의 접착강도와 레진침투에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 법랑질 시편은 발거 후 실온에서 0.1% thymol 용액에서 보관된 30개의 건전한 사람의 대구치를 무작위로 10개씩 세군으로 나누고 근원심 방향으로 두 부분으로 분리하여 각각은 같은 접착제를 사용하고 초음파진동여부를 다르게 하였고, 아크릴레진을 이용하여 직경 1-inch의 PVC관에 매몰한 후 협설면이 아크릴봉과 동일한 높이가 되도록 220-, 600-grit 연마지로 순차적으로 연마하였고 군당 10개씩 여섯 군으로 분류하였다. 1군과 2군은 Prompt L-Pop(3M-ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), 3군과 4군은 One-Up Bond F(Tokuyama Corp., Tokyo, Japan), 5군과 6군은 AQ bond(Sun Medical Co., Kyoto, Japan)를 제조사의 지시에 따라 도포하였다. 2군, 4군, 6군은 초음파 치석제거기를 이용하여 치면에 대고 15초간 진동을 가한 후 광중합하였다. 상아질 시편은 치관부 법랑질을 제거한 후 상아질면을 아크릴 봉과 동일한 높이가 되도록 하고 법랑질 시편과 동일하게 처리하였다. 이후 직경 2mm, 높이 3mm의 Teflon mold(Ultradent, U.S.A.)를 이용하여 복합레진을 충전한 후 40초씩 두 번에 나누어 광중합한 후 24시간동안 실온에서 증류수에 보관하였다. 열순환 시행한 후, 만능측정기(Instron 4465)로 전단결합강도를 측정하였으며 Resin tag의 양상을 비교하기 위해 각 군의 시편의 치질을 완전히 용해시킨 후 표면을 주사전자현미경사진으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1 법랑질에서 초음파 진동을 가한 군(2, 4, 6군)은 가하지 않은 군(1, 3, 5군)에 비해 평균 전단결합강도가 높게 나타났다. 그 차이는 Ad bond 군을 제외하고 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 2. 상아질에서 초음파 진동을 가한 군(2, 4, 6군)은 가하지 않은 군(1, 3, 5군)에 비해 평균 전단결합강도가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 그 차이는 One-Up Bond F군을 제외하고는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 전자 현미경 관찰에서 초음파 진동을 가한 군에서 더 많은 법랑질의 소실과 상아질에서 resin tag의 길이가 길었고 lateral branch의 수도 많이 관찰되었다.