• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-152
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• 2017

Excessive amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odorants discharged into the environment are highly dangerous to human health as well as to ecological systems. Biological treatments of waste gas streams, called biofiltration, containing VOCs and odorous compounds has gained much attention because biofilters are more cost effective and environmentally friendly than conventional air pollution control technologies. This review provides an overview of biotrickling filtration, which is a type of biofiltration including continuous trickled-water flow inside filter media, for VOC and odor abatement. The configuration, design, cost effectiveness, removal capacity and environmental impact of this techniques and the future research and development needs in this area are all considered.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.315-327
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• 2005

The total of 35 target VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which were included in the TO-14, was selected to develop a VOCs' source profile matrix of the Yeosu Petrochemical Complex and to test its collinearity by singular value decomposition(SVD) technique. The VOCs collected in canisters were sampled from 12 different sources such as 8 direct emission sources (refinery, painting, wastewater treatment plant, incinerator, petrochemical processing, oil storage, fertilizer plant, and iron mill) and 4 general area sources (gasoline vapor emission, graphic art activity, vehicle emission, and asphalt paving activity) in this study area, and then those samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Initially the resulting raw data for each profile were scaled and normalized through several data treatment steps, and then specific VOCs showing major weight fractions were intensively reviewed and compared by introducing many other related studies. Next, all of the source profiles were tested in terms of degree of collinearity by SVD technique. The study finally could provide a proper VOCs' source profile in the study area, which can give opportunities to apply various receptor models properly including chemical mass balance (CMB).

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

The corrosion behavior of a ferritic/martensitic steel T91 exposed to an aqueous solution containing chloride and sulfate ions is investigated depending on the stimulated all-volatile treatment (AVT) and under oxygenated treatment (OT) conditions. The corrosion of T91 steel under OT condition is severe, while the corrosion under AVT condition is not. The co-existence of chloride and sulfate ions has antagonistic effect on the corrosion of T91 steel in both AVT and OT conditions. Unlike to corrosion resistance in the aqueous solution, OT pretreatment provides T91 steel lower oxidation-resistance than VAT pretreatment. From scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the lower corrosion resistance in the aqueous solution by VAT conditions possibly is due to the formation of pits. In addition, the lower oxidation resistance of T91 steel pretreated by OT conditions is explained as follows: the cracks formed during the immersion under OT conditions accelerated peeling-off rate of the oxide film.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1988

To investigate the effects of paper sludge on seasonal variations of volatile lower fatty acids in paddy soil, paper sludge was applied to pots at the rate of either 300, 600, 900 or 1,200 kg/l0a which was either preadjusted at a C/N ratio of 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The decomposition rate of paper sludge, the evolution of $CO_2$, and the fractions of volatile lower fatty acids in the soil were determined. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Paper sludge was decomposed to $35{\sim}44%$, and its C/N ratio was $55{\sim}82$, respectively, at 120 days after treatment. 2. The evolution of $CO_2$, in the soil was proportional to the amount of paper sludge added. Significant positive correlations were observed the $CO_2$ evolution was compared with the decomposition rate of paper sludge, and volatile fatty acid contents in soil. 3. Acetic, propionic, butyric, i-butyric, valeric and i-valeric acids were identified in all the soils investigated. The content of the total volatile fatty acids in the soil increased with as the application of paper sludge increased. The formation of the acids was the highest at 25 days after treatment, and thereafter the contents of the acids decreased as time elapsed. 4. The volatile fatty acids in the soil inhibited the growth of paddy rice in early stages. The contents of acetic, propionic and i-valeric acids in the soil negatively, correlated with the uptake of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO and $SiO_2$ in the paddy rice at 25 days after transplantation. In addition, the uptake of $P_2O_5$ and CaO in the paddy rice negatively correlated with the content of butyric acid in the soil. 5. The content of total volatile fatty acids positively correlated with the content of $Fe^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ in the soil at 25 days after transplantation. A significantly positive correlation was observed between $Fe^{++}$ and acetic acid contents in the soil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different litter mixture compositions on bedding system temperature, pH and volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) content, and the serum physico-chemical parameters and growth indices of calves. Thirty-two Limousin calves ($280{\pm}20kg$) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 for each group) according to the bedding system used: i) control with soil only (CTR); ii) mixture with 50% paddy hulls (PH), 30% saw dusts (SD), 10% peat moss (PM) and 10% corn cobs (CC) (TRT1); iii) mixture with 15% PH, 15% SD, 10% PM, 40% CC, and 20% corn stover (CS) (TRT2); iv) mixture with 30% PH, 10% PM, 40% CC, and 20% CS (TRT3). The litter material combinations of different treatments were based on the cost of bedding system materials in China. The cost of four treatments from low to high: Control$NH_3$-N level (271.83 to 894.72 mg/kg) was lowest for TRT1 (p<0.0001) and highest for TRT2 (p<0.0001). The acetate, propionate and butyrate levels were highest for the control group (p<0.0001). In all the groups, the pH value (6.90 to 9.09) increased at the beginning and later remained stable at below 9.09. The temperature of deep litter increased at the first week and reached the maximum ($42.1^{\circ}C$) on day 38. 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine ($T_3$) levels in the TRT1 group animals (p<0.0001) were lower than those in the control and TRT2 animals. 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine ($T_4$) in the TRT1 group (p = 0.006) was lower than that in the other treatment groups. Cortisol (COR) in the control and TRT1 group was lower (p<0.0001) than that in the TRT2 and TRT3 groups. Corticosterone (CORt) in the control group was higher (p<0.0001) than that in the treatment groups. The findings indicate that the deep litter bedding systems provided better conditions for animal health and growth performance compared with the control system. Furthermore, the litter composition of TRT1 was found to be optimal among the three treatment groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1976

To examine the storage effect of the dry cured cultured undaria pinnetifida, its components were researched according to different places and periods of production and in heat treatment of it, how the different time, temperature and salt concentration can effect on its storage was researched as follows. In Pohang and Yeosu districts the most suitable period of processing was around the end of December and in Wando district, around the end of January. When it was heat-treated separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ there of occurred the comparative low increase of organic acids and volatile acids, and the slight decrease of pigment. When it was heat-treated in sea water and satuarated NaCl solution, the obvious change was not found in all components, and in fresh water organic acids and volatile acids were conspicuously increased. When it was heat-treated according to the different heating time (long or short), there was no remarkable change in all components, but when heat-treated for 20 sec. the decrease of carotenoid was conspicuous. When heat-treated for 40 sec. separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ in sea water, better effect for storage was resulted.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2005

Outside muscle of pork ham were cut to cube(7 $\times$ 10 $\times$2 ern) and three Korea traditional seasonings such as soybean paste(Tl), garlic paste(T2), red pepper paste(T3) were seasoned by the proportions of meat to seasonings(1 : 1), respectively. The seasoned samples were fermented by fill into plastic box at 0 $\pm$ 1 $^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. And then, the fermented meat from each pack was vacuum-packaged and stored at 0 $\pm$ 1 $^{\circ}C$ for up to 9 weeks. pH and shear force were decreased during storage periods in all treatment groups and WHC was decreased with storage in T2. The saccarinity of T1 was increased and salinity increased during storage in all treatment groups. pH of T2 was increased than that of other treatments, while decreased saccarinity and shear force of in T2. The salinity were higher in the order of T1 > T2 > T3. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) value were increased with storage in all treatment groups. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TSARS) value of Tl was increased with storage while it was decreased T2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TSARS) value was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T2 at 9weeks of storage. Surface meat L' values of T1 was increased with storage and T3 decreased with storage whereas, surface meat a' values of T1 was decreased with storage, and T2 was increased with storage. Surface meat b' values of T3 was decreased with storage. Escherichia coli were decreased during storage periods in all treatment groups.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.252-256
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of slurry additives on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included control, horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull (n = 4 each group). Odorous compounds including volatile organic compounds (VOCs phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs short chain FA, SCFA, and branched chain FA, BCFA) were analyzed. Pigs of 85~120 kg body weight were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was sampled from slurry pits. VOCs decreased (p<0.05) in horseradish, spent mushroom, and almond hull, compared to the control. SCFA was lower (p<0.05) in the horseradish group and BCFA was lower (p<0.05) in all three treatment groups compared to the control. Taken together, the tested additives are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry, indicating that the use of spent mushroom and almond hull can not only recycle the agri-byproduct but also reduce the impact of odors on surrounding communities.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2009

This study evaluated the potential of utilizing the osmotic solution from dried mango processing as alternative raw material for mango wine making. Fermentation was carried out using two kinds of yeast strains Saccharomyces bayanus, Lalvin EC-1118 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lalvin D-47 at 20$^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Physicochemical analysis during fermentation was performed for each treatment and the resulting wine samples were analyzed for color, volatiles and sensory properties. Results of physicochemical analysis between the two fermenting samples as well as the wine samples show almost similar results regardless of the yeast strains. Wine color of sample wines after storage were not significantly different at p<0.05 and when compared with a commercial mango wine. From the volatile analysis, esters and alcohols constituted majority of the compounds. Production of several esters, alcohols, acids and terpenes were affected by yeast strain used in fermentation. Results of sensory analysis showed that wines fermented by S. bayanus EC-1118 strain was more acceptable although sensory scores between the treatments and the reference wine showed significant differences in all the attributes evaluated, except for bitterness. The utilization of osmotic solution from dried mango process could produce similar properties with existing commercial mango wines although there is still need for further work on the improvement of some sensory attributes of the mango wines.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1170-1182
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan (CH)-based nanocomposite coating applications [chitosan+TiO₂ (CHT) and chitosan+TiO₂+rosmarinic acid (CHTRA)] on changes in quality attributes of rainbow trout fillets during cold storage (4℃). Fish fillets were randomly divided into four groups and subjected to treatments (CH, CHT, CHTRA, and control). After treatments, the groups were packaged under a modified atmosphere (40% CO₂+30% O₂+30% N₂) and stored at 4℃ for 18 days. During cold storage, the samples were subjected to physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. During storage, CH, CHT, and CHTRA treatments showed lower aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts than the control. However, the differences between coating treatments were not significant. The highest mean pH value was determined in the control group. As the storage time increased, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value increased. At the end of the storage period, no significant differences were observed between the treatments, including in the control group. The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) level in the control group was above 25 mg/100 g on day 15 of storage. However, the TVB-N level in the treatment groups was below 20 mg/100 g on day 18. It was also determined that coating application×storage period interaction had a significant effect on all color parameters (p<0.01). At the end of storage, the highest CIE L* was observed in CHTRA treatment. However, the value of this treatment did not differ from that of the CH treatment.