• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2014

This study was to comparative analysis that different methods of extraction about total sugar content which the major functional components of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Through the phenol-sulfuric acid method was measured that Hot water extraction, acid extraction, and alkaline extraction. Drawing the standard curve to obtain the concentration of the glucose solution and the sample by applying the measured absorbance on the standard curve. Total sugar contents was measured after extraction with different solvents.(Hot water, 70% EtOH, 80% MeOH). The level of total sugar in Cordyceps militaris is highest in the hot water extraction with 658.4(${\mu}g/g$) and Coriolus versicolor in 649.7(${\mu}g/g$) and 679.0(${\mu}g/g$) was found as the highest in the acid extraction and the alkaline extraction. C. militaris and ASI 7025 showed the highest level in the hot water extraction. Finally, C. versicolor, Sparassis crispa showed that higher than the other mushrooms at the 1hr, 2hr microwave extraction. It was varied total sugar content according to the different extraction solvent and the extraction method.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2009

A dark brownish pigment in the crude polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula was adsorbed by activated charcoal. The leaching of the pigment adsorbed on activated charcoal and regeneration of activated charcoal used was investigated with eight kinds of solvents. The highest leaching capacity was obtained with the alkaline solution (KOH). The optimum volume of 1 M KOH solution per activated carbon was 45 mL/g, and the treatment for 10 min during single stage leaching was sufficient to achieve the leaching equilibrium. Second-order kinetic model provided the best fitting for the pigment leaching. The pigment leaching capacity of 88.9% was obtained by seven times of treatment with 1 M KOH solution at 25$^{\circ}C$, while at 95$^{\circ}C$, leaching capacity of 82.6% was achieved with single stage alone showing the significant increase of leaching capacity with increasing temperature. The regenerated activated charcoal was nearly as effective as fresh activated charcoal in pigment adsorption of crude polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.534-542
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• 1992

Trypsin inhibtor produced by Streptomyces sp. S-217 was purified by solvent extraction and various column chromatographies. and physico-chemical properties of the inhibitor were investigated. Inhibitor complex was formed for incubation of 10 min. Streptomyces 5-217 showed the highest production of trypsin inhibitor when it was cultivated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 66 hr in the medium containing 2% mannitol & 0.9% peptone, pH 7.0. Trypsin inhibitor was purified by column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Trypsin inhibitor indicated the maxium wavelength at 215 nm and solubilities in water, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide were 95, 70 and 75%, respectively. The concentration of 50% inhibition ($IC^{50}$) was 15 $\mu$g/ml. The inhibitor was stable on heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min in pH 5~9 and was more stable in alkaline region than acidic region.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2643-2647
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• 2011

Efficient ditopic receptor, uranyl(II) N,N'-(ethylenedioxy)benzenebis(salicylideneimine) (3) for beryllium ion has been obtained upon functionalization of 1,2-ethylenedioxybenzene (1) with a uranyl-salphen (salphen = N,N'-phenylenebis(salicylideneimine)) unit. Binding affinities of the receptor, 3 in AN-DMSO (v/v 95:5) solution have been measured for alkali and alkaline earth metal ions by conductometry comparing 1. The results showed that both monotopic 1 and ditopic receptor 3 were selective for $Be^{2+}$ ions over other cations, while especially 3 that can complex both with cations (coordinated to basic oxygen of ethylenedioxybenzene) and anions (coordinated to the Lewis acidic uranyl center) results in an increase of the stability constants by a factor of $10^{2.42}$ with respect to 1. Furthermore, the $Be^{2+}$-3 interactions are demonstrated by $^1H$ NMR experiments in highly polar solvent medium, DMSO-$d_6$. Higher selectivities were also observed for $Be^{2+}$ when the ditopic receptor, 3 was incorporated into PVC membranes and tested as ion selective electrodes at neutral pH.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2000

Aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ is a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin in human beings. It is accumulated in animal tissues and injured cell through variable metabolic pathway. This study was conducted to determine the effect of antioxidant vitamins on liver function enzymes and hepatic damage of $AFB_1$ treated mice. The 6 weeks old male ICR mice were randomly separated 6 groups, vehicle solvent or vitamin C(10 mg/kg/day) and vitamin E(63.8 mg/kg/day) were administered by intraperitoneal(i.p.) injection and 1 hr later, vehicle solution(DMSO) or $AFB_1$(0.4 mg/kg) were injected. The results obtained as follow ; The levels of liver function enzymes such as GOT, GPT, LDH, and alkaline phosphatase, in sera of mice were remarkably elevated by treatment with $AFB_1$ only. However, those enzymes were significantly alleviated by co-treatment with antioxidant vitamins(p<0.01). Especially the levels of LDH and ALK phosphatase were similar to those of control groups(p<0.01). The transmission electron microscopy(TEM) image of intracellular microrganelles on the liver cell of mice was also degenerated extremely by treatment with $AFB_1$, but vitamin C and vitamin E gave good effects on cellular deformation. The intracellular microrganelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and nucleic membrane were nearly disappeared the cellular deformation by antioxidant vitamins co-administration. With above results, we could estimated that antioxidant vitamins blocked AFB1 induced hepatic cell damage.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1525-1529
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• 2013

Pseudo-first-order rate constants ($k_{obsd}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-pyridyl thionobenzoate (5b) with alkali-metal ethoxides (EtOM, $M^+=Li^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, and 18-crown-6-ether complexed $K^+$) in anhydrous ethanol at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The plots of $k_{obsd}$ vs. $[EtOM]_o$ curve upward regardless of the nature of the $M^+$ ions, while those of $k_{obsd}/[EtO^-]_{eq}$ vs. $[EtO^-]_{eq}$ are linear with a positive intercept. Dissection of $k_{obsd}$ into $k_{EtO^-}$ and $k_{EtOM}$ (i.e., the second-order rate constants for the reactions with the dissociated $EtO^-$ and ion-paired EtOM, respectively) has revealed that the ion-paired EtOM is more reactive than the dissociated $EtO^-$, and $M^+$ ions catalyze the reactions in the order $K^+$ < $Na^+$ < $Li^+$ < 18C6-complexed $K^+$. The plot of log $k_{EtOM}$ vs. $1/r_{Stokes}$ results in an excellent linear correlation, indicating that the reactions are catalyzed by the solvated $M^+$ ions but not by the bare $M^+$ ions. The reactions of 5b with EtOM have been concluded to proceed through a six-membered cyclic TS, in which the solvated $M^+$ ions increase the electrophilicity of the reaction center and the nucleofugality of the leaving group.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2013

Partially hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (CA) fibers were prepared by treating CA fibers in aqueous $Na_2CO_3$ solutions of various concentrations. The deacetylation of CA fibers was confirmed through FTIR spectra and WAXD patterns. The hydrolysis was confined to the surface part of the CA fiber by controlling the treatment conditions. The resultant fibers had a sheath-core structure with a sheath component of regenerated cellulose and a core of non-hydrolyzed cellulose acetate. The SEM images of the surface-hydrolyzed CA fibers, the core of which was dissolved out using acetone as the solvent, showed that the sheath thickness increased with increasing alkaline concentration, indicating an increase in the hydrolyzed fiber, i.e., regenerated cellulose. Polarized FTIR analysis of the polyimide film rubbed with velvet fabrics of surface-hydrolyzed CA fibers showed that polyimide molecules were preferentially oriented to the rubbing direction.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.471-476
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• 2011

Nowadays biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) has been becoming an important issue as a desired alternative of energy products because of non-toxic, biodegradable properties, and lower exhaust emissions. During esterification of fatty acids or transesterification of oils and fats with short chain alcohols by the alkali-catalyzed methanolysis, FAME and unrefined glycerol are generated. Quantification of glycerol as a by-product is important because of a determinant of biodiesel quality. However, the glycerol analysis by gas chromatography (GC) method has laborious works with sample preparation, long time and cost of sample analysis. Thus, there is a need to analyze glycerol more simply. Herein we demonstrate that the colorimetric assay for glycerol analysis conducted by UV-vis spectrophotometer at the wavelength 617 nm whose peak is maximum intensity of malachite green, resulting in the red-shift occurred proportionally as a function of glycerol amount. Thus, it is considered the solvent media for malachite green fading for biodiesel production: (1) water, (2) MeOH, and (3) EtOH. The resulting findings show that the peak intensity at 617 nm in glycerol-malachite green mixture had a relationship between glycerol concentration and degree of peak shift as increase in pure glycerol concentration approximately at pH 7.0. However, when it was measured the unrefined glycerol concentration by diluting and adjusting with water to buffer (pH 7.0), it was not observed the absorption peak at 617 nm because of impurities and OH ions. In case of glycerol from biodiesel production factories, glycerol concentration could be successfully measured.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2020

To overcome the harmful effects caused by conventional oxidative hair dyes, natural colorants becomes more popular in the hair dyeing. By extracting Sagassum fusiforme powders with aqueous alkaline solution as a solvent at 130℃ for 60 minutes, a fucoxanthin concentration of up to 216㎍/ml can be obtained. UV/Vis analysis was used to prove the presence of fucoxanthin in the extract powder. A K/S value of 23.8 can be obtained when wool fabrics were dyed with the extract at 120℃ for 60 minutes under pH 2. The color fastness properties of the dyed wool fabrics were very good as indicated by rating 4 for laundering(color change), rating 3 or higher for rubbing, and rating 5 for light irradiation. The dyed wool fabric was found to have antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the Sagassum fusiforme extract can be an effective functional hair colorant. Hair dyeing with the extract formulation at 45℃ for 40 minutes under pH 5 accomplished a K/S value of 8.9. The color fastness of the dyed hair showed rating 3 against light irradiation, which increased to rating 5 with after-mordanting of tannin acid.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.773-778
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• 1993

Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) membrane electrodes based on the lipophilic neutral carrier, dibenzo-18-crown-6(DB18C6) and benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) as the active sensors for Tl$^+$ ion have been prepared and tested in different content of the potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTClPB) as lipophilic salt. Dioctyl adipate (DOA), 2-nitrophenyl phenyl ether (NPPE) and o-nitrophenyl actyl ether (NPOE) were used as plasticizing solvent mediators. Electrodes exhibited good linear responses of 40∼55 mV decade$^{-1}$ for Tl$^+$ ion within the concentration ranges 10$^{-1}$∼10$^{-5}$M TlNO$_3$. Selectivity coefficients of interfering ions (alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and some transition metal ions) for Tl$^+$-ISE were determined by separate solution method and were sufficiently small for most of them. These crown ether type ion-selective electrodes are suitable for use with aqueous solution at pH > 3.