• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.12 s.202
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the colorfastness of cotton and silk fabric dyed with extract of Lotus leaf princeps. The experimental items were classified into mordanting treatments, fabric components and kind of mordants. The experimental test was done by laundering, abrasion(dry/wet), perspiration(acid/alkali) , light fastness, color difference by C.C.M(computer color matching) system and K/S test. The summarized findings resulting from the experiment and investigation are as follows: In the C.C.M and K/S test on mordanting method and kind of fabrics, co-mordanting treatment method and protein fabric (silk) were the most effective. Especially, Fe mordanting treatment was higher than Al, Cu, Cr and none-mordanting. In colorfastness on the mordants, perspiration and laundering fastness showed high grade (4-5) but grades of perspiration(2-3/4) and light fastness(1-3) were low.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural dyeability on extract of Aloe Vera princeps. The experimental items were divided into the mordanting method, component of fabric, extracting portion, and kind of mordants. The experimental study was done to by laundering, abrasion(dry/wet), perspiration(acid/alkali), light fastness test and color difference by C.C.M system. The summerized finding resulted from experiments and investigation are suggested as follows: First, in the C.C.M test on mordanting method, color difference was significantly improved when mordants were treatmented. And the premordanting method showed the highest color difference. Second, in the C.C.M test on component of fabric, color difference of silk was higher than cotton. It was considered that silk has -$\NH_2$, -COOH, -OH more than cotton. Third, in the C.C.M Test on extracting portion, color difference of extracting in skin of Aloe leaf was three times higher than that of inside lump. Forth, in dyeing-fastness on mordants, laundering fastness showed 3 ~ 4 grade nearly. In perspiration-fastness(acid/alkali), Al(4~5/4~5) was the highest. In abrasion-fastness(dry/wet), cotton(4~5/4~5) was higher than silk (4~5/4) in all mordants. In light-fastness, silk(2~5) was higher than cotton(1~2) generally and especially Cu mordant of silk(4~5) was the highest. Sixth, in color difference analysis on 7 mordants Cu(29.9), Fe(28.7) and Cr(28.9) showed the highest in silk. And Cu(12.7), Fe(10.42) and Sn(10.43) showed the highest in cotton and Al(23.6, 8.0) showed the lowest in silk and cotton.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2018

Phosphorus (P) is a limited, essential, and irreplaceable nutrient for the biological activity of all the living organisms. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most important secondary P resources due to its high P content. The SSA has been intensively investigated to recover P by wet chemicals (acid or alkali). Even though $H_2SO_4$ was mainly used to extract P because of its low cost and accessibility, the formation of $CaSO_4$ (gypsum) hinders its use. Heavy metals in the SSA also cause a significant problem in P recovery since fertilizer needs to meet government standards for human health. Therefore, P recovery process with selective heavy metal removal needs to be developed. In this paper some of the most advanced P recovery processes have been introduced and discussed their technical characteristics. The results showed that further research is needed to identify the chemical mechanisms of P transformation in the recovery process and to increase P recovery efficiency and the yields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1430-1433
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• 2004

A study was conducted to determine the effect of different alkali treatments on changes in chemical composition and on degradability of bagasse and rice straw. This study divided into 2 experiments, the first with bagasse and the second with rice straw. Each experiment comprised 9 treatments which included: untreated control; 3% NaOH; 6% NaOH; 3% urea; 6% urea; 3% NaOH/3% urea; 3% NaOH/6% urea; 6% NaOH/3% urea; 6% NaOH/6% urea. In both experiments, crude protein contents were increased from 2.0 to 12.5 units for bagasse and 3.1 to 13.7 units for rice straw by urea treatments. Ash contents of the treated bagasse and rice straw were increased over the untreated control (1.5-9.7 units for bagasse; 4.2-8.8 units for rice straw). The effects on ether extract, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of the treated bagasse and rice straw were variable. Nylon bag degradability of dry matter and crude fiber were increased by treatments applying NaOH and NaOH plus urea but not urea alone. In contrast, the egradability of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were reduced compared with the untreated control. From these degradability studies, it can be concluded that the most efficient treatments of bagasse were those treatments with 6% NaOH, followed by treatments with 6% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea and 3% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea, respectively. However, when comparison was made on the cost of chemical used to treat the agricultural by-products, particularly in case of rice straw, 3-6% urea would be appropriate.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.181-187
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• 2012

Grifola frondosa has been used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. In this study, functional polysaccharide was obtained from Grifola frondosa using four different extraction methods: hot water(HwFP), homogenize(HgFP), acid(AcFP), and alkali(AlFP) extraction methods. The effects of these extracts on KB and HepG2 cell lines were then examined for any anti-cancer activity. Alkaline extraction produced a yield of 0.175% and the total sugar content of the extract was 54.97%. We were able to confirm that the polysaccharide extracts from the mushroom produce an anti-cancer effect. The cytotoxicity of AlFP and AcFP against HepG2 cells were 22.86% and 28.88%, respectively, and the cytotoxicity of AlFP against the KB cell lines was 47.76% at a concentration of 1,000 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Therefore, these results suggest that the optimum method for extracting functional polysaccharides from G. frondosa is the alkali extraction method.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 1997

Solvent extraction of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations by mono-crown ether(benzo-15-crown-5) and bis-(crown ether)s(ethylenediamine bis(4'-formyl benzo-15-crown-5)) containing benzo-15-crown-5 moieties were investigated with water-chloroform system at $25^{\circ}C$. The order of the extraction equilibrium constants($K_e$) and the complexation constants($K_c$) for the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations with mono-crown ether and bis-(crown ether)s were Ca(II)>Na(I)>Sr(II)>K(I)>Mg(II)>Rb(I) and Sr(II)>Ca(II)>K(I)>Rb(I)>Mg(II)>Na(I) respectively. These results were explained in terms of the size effect of metal cation and electron density effect. Also, the bis-(crown ether)s was found to extract metal cations more effectively than the corresponding mono-crown ether.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2018

Water leaching of tungsten(W) and vanadium(V) was researched from their oxides through mechanochemical (MC) reaction with alkali compounds. Intensive grinding for the mixture of tungsten/vanadium oxide and alkali compounds (NaOH, $Na2CO_3$) was carried out with change of their mixing ratios and grinding duration. Water soluble compounds, $Na_2WO_4$ and $NaVO_3$, were synthesized through MC reaction and their solubilities increased in proportion to the mixing ratio of sodium compound and grinding times. Whereas vanadium leachability was less affected by the mixting ratio and grinding times. The leachabilities of 99.0% were accomplished by a short period of MC treatment, W (30 min.) and V (5 min.). This process enable us to extract W and V from their oxides via a water leaching, and can be applied to the selective recovery of W and V from $DeNO_x$ spent catalysts.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-66
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• 2004

To develop natural food preservatives with Maesil (prunus mume), investigation of antimicrobial activities against food-related bacteria and yeast was conducted. Maesil (prunu mume) extract exhibited growth-inhibiting activities for most of the microorganisms tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of maesil extract for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were as low as 0.1mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of the maesil (prunu mume) extract was reduced by heating or alkali treatment. Moreover, growth of Staphylococcus aureus was completely inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm of maesil extract. These findings suggest that maesil extract may play a role in the development of natural food preservatives.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 2004

Hot water soluble extract from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida was examined for antioxidant activity using l,l-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation assay. The $IC_{50}$ value (7.6 mg/ml) of hot water extract from sporophyll of U. pinnatifida was more higher than ascorbic acid (0.025 mg/ml) and BHT (0.25 mg/ml). The hot water extract from sporoof U. pinnatifida was stable from pH 2 to pH 7 but decreased at alkali pH. The heat stability of hot water extract from sporophyll of U. pinnatifida was stable from $0^{\circ}C$ to $120^{\circ}C$. An effect on an antioxidant activity of hot water extract from sporophyll of U. pinnatifida was studied with various metal ions and EDTA. Antioxiactvity of hot water extract from sporophyll of U. pinnatifida was inhibited by EDTA but increased by adding $Cu^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.22-27
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• 2006

K/S values, Hue, Value, and Chroma changes of the hot-water and alkali extract of Boehmeria tricuspis have investigated to obtain an optimum dyeing conditions. Maximum optical absorption of the cotton, Hanji, and silk dyed with the extract were observed at 400 nm. The K/S value of the dyed silk was higher than those of other materials in the treatments with the temperature and time condition and there was not much changes in the treatments near $80\;^{\circ}C$ and 40 minutes. Also, the K/S value of the dyed silk was drastically increased as the concentration of the dye was increased. In the treatments with temperature and time condition, Hue of the materials dyed with alkali extracts resulted in YR color, whereas materials dyed with hot-water extracts provided R color. In the time and temperature condition of treatment, there were no significant changes in the samples treated near $80\;^{\circ}C$ and 40 minutes. The Value and Chroma of the dyed materials were not significantly changed. As a result, it is suggested that the optimum temperature, time, and concentration of dye would be $80\;^{\circ}C$, 40 minutes, and 100%, respectively, when cotton, Hanji, and silk are dyed with Boehmeria tricuspis extract.