• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2016

This study was performed to provide information for improving the quality characteristics of tangerine peel Soksungjang. Tangerine peel Soksungjangs were prepared with 10% tangerine peel powder by addition of different koji such as Rhizopus oligosporus (RS, RTS) and Aspergillus oryzae (AS, ATS). As a result, the moisture content was not changed and crude protein content decreased during fermentation in all samples. The pH of RS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji) and RTS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) was not changed, whereas pH of AS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae) and ATS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) decreased rapidly after 10 days of fermentation. The acidity values of all the samples increased during fermentation. The major free sugars were glucose, fructose, and maltose; while, the major organic acids were citric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid in all the samples. The amino nitrogen content and protease activity were highest in the AS and ATS. Conversely, the reducing sugar content and ${\alpha}$-amylase activity were highest in the RS and RTS. The major free amino acids in all samples were glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Sixty kinds of volatile flavor compounds were identified from all samples; the majority of which were 21 alcohols, 14 hydrocarbons, 5 esters, and others identifies as acids, ketones, and aldehydes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1986

The volatile aroma concentrates were isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus by simultaneous distillation-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The aroma concentrates obtained had a typical raw or slightly cooked mushroom-like odor, and the yield was 123 ppm. Of 27 components identified, the major components were 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octenal, n-octanol and 2, 4-decadienal, including 1-octen-3-ol contributing 67.06% of the total volatiles, and the $C_8$ compounds comprised about 80% of the total volatiles. On the other hand, the $C_6$ and $C_8$ alcohols in mushroom increased gradually with increase of standing time after homogenation, while aldehydes, ketones, and linoleic acid decreased, and also $C_6$ and $C_8$ compounds were significantly increased when linoleic and linolenic acid were added in homogenates. It appears that most of volatile aroma components in Pleurotus ostreatus were probably produced enzymatically from unsaturated fatty acids containing cis, cis-1, 4-pentadiene moiety.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.60-60
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• 1961

Insulin, Glucagon등의 홀몬과 Reserpine 및 Nicotine의 투여(投與)가 자우췌장(仔牛膵臟) Iangerhans도도(島嶋) 내분비세포(內分泌細胞)들에 미치는 현미경적(顯微鏡的) 및 전자현미경적(電子顯微鏡的) 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하는 도중 굉장히 큰 Iangerhans 도도(島嶋)들을 관찰하고 그 조직학적(組織學的) 세포학적(細胞學的) 특징(特徵)과 그 분포상태(分布狀態)를 구명(究明)하고저 한것이다. 연령(年齡) 2내지(乃至)4개월(個月)된 10두(頭) Holstein자우(仔牛)에서 췌장(膵臟)의 두부(頭部), 중간부(中間部) 및 미부(尾部)를 떼어서 Bouin 씨고정액(氏固定液)에 고정(固定)하고 파라핀절편(切片)을 만들어 Gomori의 Aldehyde Fuchsin stain에 의해서 Iangerhans도도세포(鳥鴨細胞)들을 염색(染色)하여 관찰하였다. 총괄(總括) 및 고찰(考察) 1. 지금까지 보고(報告)된 최대(最大)의 Iangerhans도도(島嶋)는 개에서 관찰된 333u 이었는데 본연구(本硏究)에서는 직경(直徑) 1,395u의 거대(巨大)한 도도(島嶋)를 관찰하였고 기리 2,700u에 달하는것을 보았다. 2. 췌장각부위별(膵臟各部位別)의 도도(島嶋)의 분포상태(分布狀態)는 다른 연구보고(硏究報告)들에 대체로 일치(一致)하였으나 그수(數)는 50평방(平方)mm에 평균(平均) 191개(個)로서 Trautmann이 보고(報告)한 125개(個)보다 66개(個)나 더 많은 수(數)이었고 직경(直徑) 200u이상(以上)에 달하는 도도(島嶋)의 백분율(百分率)은 평균(平均) 1.8%이었다. 3. 거대(巨大)한 Iangerhans도도(島嶋)은 거이 전부(全部)가 Beta세포(細胞)들로만 구성되어 있으므로 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)라고 이름지었으며 비록 그 수(數)는 적지만 한개의 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)가 차지하는 용량(容量)은 보통 크기의 도도(島嶋)가 차지하는 용량(容量)의 수백배(數百倍)에 달할것이므로 우췌장(牛膵臟)의 Insulin분비(分泌)를 연구(硏究)할 때에는 반듯이 이사실(事實)을 고려(考慮)해야 할것으로 생각된다. 4. 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)의 간질결합조직지주(間質結合組織支柱)는 매우 현저(顯著)하며 그 속에는 비교적 큰 동맥(動脈)과 정맥혈관(靜脈血管) 그리고 개재도관양(介在導管樣) 조직(組織)들이 있으며 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)들은 출생후(出生後) Iangerhans도도내외(島嶋內外)에 밀접하게 위치(位置)하고 있는 외분비(外分泌) 말초도세포(末梢導細胞)들이 증식(增殖)하여서 형성(形成)되는 것으로 믿어진다. 5. 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)의 Beta세포(細胞)들은 매우 뚜렷한 Negative Colgi images를 보이며 포장핵(胞狀核)과 비대(肥大)한 핵소고(核小高)들은 이 세포(細胞)들이 보통 도도(島嶋)의 Beta세포(細胞)들에 비(比)해서 더 활발(活發)한 분비작용(分泌作用)을 하고 있음을 시사(示唆)하는 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.784-788
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• 2001

Reliable data on the exposure of capsaicin, which evokes hot sensation in hot red pepper, are important prerequisites for studying biological functions of capsaicin in human body since its roles are controversial according to animal and epidemiological studies. To get accurate data, the use of urinary biomarkers was considered as a measure of internal exposure of capsaicin. After 2-day-capsaicin depletion five to six women in their 20's were instructed to eat 60 or 80 g/day hot red pepper soybean paste as a capsaicin source with meal which did not contain capsaicinoid, and to collect their urine separately. HPLC conditions were set to detect capsaicinoid and urinary metabolites at the same time. Most of capsaicinoid were excreted in the form of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid in three subjects at the highest dose. This result suggests the oxidation of the 4-hydroxy3-methoxybenzaldehyde, the hydrolysis product of capsaicin, is the major metabolic pathway in the human body, whereas the reduction of the aldehyde is the major route in rats. However, neither any metabolite nor the parent compound was ever shown in two of the subjects reflecting large individual differences of capsaicin absorption and/or biotransformation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2012

In this study, the 89 components of the gases emitted from grave goods at Sim Seol(1570-1630) tomb identified and quantitatively analyzed using a thermal desorption system integrated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The concentration of major components show the levels of alpha-pinene 4,113ppbv, beta-pinene 2,510ppbv and limonene 2,424ppbv, that of the others orderly show p-menth-2-ene, acetone, isolongifolene and isoborneol. The functional groups of high concentration level cover 65% of terpenes and 25.8% of alcohols. The expected odor intensity orderly show 35.1% of terpenes, 33.4% of aldehydes and 8.8% of alcohols. Terpenes have generally effect of a perfume, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, and could come out of the pine(Pinus densiflora) coffin, aldehydes and alcohols could be come out of both the Sim Seol mirra and Pinus densiflora for a long time. The analyses of gases emitted from a excavated properties or a tomb are assessed that it can pc001 provide a scientific basis on a counterplan against harmful gases, a method of conservation treatments and a evaluation of effectiveness in conservation of cultural properties in a tomb.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.503-508
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• 1990

Stews were prepared by 2 processes and 4 treatments, and stored for 3 different storage periods. The two processes were beef cooked in a stew and stored in a polyethylene container at $5^{\circ}C(P1)$ and in a barrier bag at $0^{\circ}C(P2)$. The four treatments were beef cooked alone (T1), with onions (T2), with carrots (T3) and with onions and carrots (T4). Stews in P1 were stored for 0, 2 and 4 days and stews in P2 were stored for 0, 2 and 4weeks. Cooking decreased the cephalin content by 39%. the lecithin content by 21% and most of the prolipid fatty acid concentrations as well as the fatty aldehyde levels in the phospholipids of beef from stew. Process or storage did not significantly affect the level of either phospholipids. however cooking beef with carrots seemed to exhibit some protection against hydrolysis of cephalin. P1 stews had a higher TBA-value (p<0.05) than P2 stews, and the TBA-value of P1 stews increased linearly during 4 days storage. The TBA-value was not affected (p<0.05) by treatment for any of the stews and did not change significantly during 4 weeks storage in P2 stews.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2002

The quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of chungkookjang were investigated. The samples were prepared and fermented by the inoculation of Bacillus strains; B. subtilis, B. natto and B. licheniformis as a single starter, and mixed culture of B. natto and B. licheniformis on the industrialized model system. It was shown that microbial growth, protease activity, contents of amino-and ammonia-nitrogen and contents of organic acid were higher in B. subtilis inoculated sample, and were lower in B. licheniformis inoculated one. General quality characteristics of sample inoculated by mixed culture of B. natto and B. licheniformis took a middle position between each B. natto and B. licheniformis inoculated one. Fifty eight species of odor components were identified. Ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, benzaldehyde and alkyl pyrazines were identified in all samples and most of other flavor components were strain specific. The contents of unpleasant smell components, alkyl pyrazines and benzaldehyde, were lower in B. licheniformis inoculated sample. The sensory evaluations showed that chungkookjang manufactured from mixed culture of B. natto and B.licheniformis was most acceptable. Therefore, results indicated that chungkookjang manufactured from mixed culture of B. natto and B. licheniformis induced better sensory quality than that of the control.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.849-858
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• 2006

Previous screening of the pharmacological action of Gastrodia elata (GE) root (Orchidaceae) showed that methanol (MeOH) extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties. The antiinflammatory agents of GE, however, remain unclear. In this experiment, MeOH extracts of GE were fractionated with organic solvents for the anti-inflammatory activity-guided separation of GE. Eight phenolic compounds from the ether (EtOEt) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were isolated by column chromatography: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), benzyl alcohol (III), bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (IV), 4(4'-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyl-methylether (V), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (VI), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VII), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (VIII). To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of these compounds, their effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and analgesic activity in acetic acid (HAc)-induced writhing response were carried out in vivo; cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were determined in vitro. These phenolic compounds not only had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, but also inhibited COX activity and silica-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these phenolic compounds, compound VII was the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Compound VII significantly inhibited silica-induced ROS generation and compound VI significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds I, II and III significantly inhibited the activity of COX-I and II. These results indicate that phenolic compounds of GE are anti-inflammatory, which may be related to inhibition of COX activity and to anti-oxidant activity. Consideration of the structure-activity relationship of the phenolic derivatives from GE on the anti-inflammatory action revealed that both C-4 hydroxy and C-3 methoxy radicals of benzyl aldehyde play an important role in anti-inflammatory activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2008

The effect of Paecilomyces tenuipes water extract (PTWE) on the alcohol metabolism was examined on rats. PTWE of 0, 30, 100 mg/kg body weight was administrated orally to the rats 30 min before oral treatment of 3 g/kg body weight of alcohol. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 hr after alcohol treatment. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) activities were measured 9 hr after alcohol treatment. There were no differences in blood alcohol concentrations and area under the curve (AUC) of alcohol. PTWE decreased acetaldehyde concentration and there were significant differences after 6 hr in 30 mg/kg PTWE and after 3 and 9 hr in 100 mg/kg PTWE, respectively. In particular, 100 mg/kg PTWE decreased AUC of acetaldehyde by 44%. However, there were no changes in the hepatic ADH, ALDH, and MEOS activities.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.559-592
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• 1999

It has been known that Ki(氣) energy is very effective on many adult diseases. Oriental Medicine has acknowledged Ki as an existing reality and investigated its effects on the body. However, the existence of Ki has not been fully explained. In order to find a conclusive evidence on the existence of Ki, this experiment was done to study the mutual relationship of Ki with a magnetic field and BEP (biological energy projector). The BEP apparatus was irradiated under the magnetic field on rats in the hyperlipidemic induced state. Following criterias were measured in this experiment: weight change, weight of the visceral organs, serum, hepatic lipid peroxide, bleeding time, tissue factor, and etc. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. The weight of rat significantly decreased in the magnetic field treated group and radically reduced in the group treated with both magnetic field and BEP. 2. The weight of liver, heart, and kidney increased in both the magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP group compared to the normal group, but decreased in comparison to the control group. No changes were witnessed in the weight of spleen. 3. Serum and hepatic total cholesterol, total lipid, and lipid peroxide level significantly decreased in both magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated group, while lipase activity has increased noticeably. 4. Serum HDL showed a significant increase in both magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated group compared to the control group, while LDL and VLDL level decreased significantly. 5. A bleeding time significantly increased in both magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated group compared to the control group. A tissue factor value of the lung decreased in the magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated groups while increased in the control group. 6. Serum and hepatic lipid peroxide and glutathione level were significantly decreased in the magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated group, while hepatic glutathione level was significantly increased compared to the control group. 7. A significant increase was found in the serum hydroxyl radical and SOD activity in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats, and significant decrease was found in the serum lipid peroxide content and superoxidase activity. 8. Hepatic cytosolic enzyme xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase showed a significant decrease in the magnetic field treated group and magnetic field+BEP treated group. Through the above experimental results, one can suggest that the magnetic field with BEP can suppress hyperlipidemia and boost lipid metabolism and restructuring a lipid in liver, which increases the function of liver. To conclude, BEP is considered to show more potent effects under the exposure of magnetic field because magnetic field seems to increase the flow of Ki in the body.