• 약학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.415-423
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• 2007

This study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of airborne particulate matters using single cell gell elec trophoresis (comet assay) in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. The total suspended particulate (TSP) was collected on back-up filter in Chuncheon, Kangwon Do, South Korea from April, 2003 to February, 2005. The concentrations of TSP, B(a)p and most of heavy metals seemed to be higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer. And they showed higher concentration in the commercial areas and the residential area having more traffics than in the rural area. It was found that A549 cells interacting with the organic extract of TSP showed more DNA single-strand breaks compare to untreated cells. The genotoxicity of the organic extract of TSP was increased with the pre-treatment of S-9 mixture during the culture or with the treatment of endonuclease after cell lysis. The DNA damage by the organic extract of TSP was higher in winter and the commercial area than in summer and the rural area. This study suggests that TSP, heavy metals and B(a)P analyzed showed significant variation depend on the seasons and the areas which are correlated with the DNA damage evaluated by Comet assay, indicating that genotoxic biomarker is useful for toxicological evaluation of air quality.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

In the workplace, the arsenic is used in the semiconductor production and the manufacturing of pigments, glass, pesticides and fungicides. Therefore, workers may be exposed to airborne arsenic during its use in manufacturing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of particulate matters (PMs) doped with arsenic (PMs-Arsenic) using a rodent model and to compare the genotoxicity in various concentrations and to examine the role of PMs-Arsenic in the induction of signaling pathway in the lung. Mice were exposed to PMs $124.4{\pm}24.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (low concentration), $220.2{\pm}34.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (middle concentration), $426.4{\pm}40.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (high concentration) doped with arsenic $1.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (Low concentration), $2.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (middle concentration), $5.7\;{\mu}g/m^3$ (high concentration) for 4 wks (6 h/d, 5 d/wk), respectively in the whole-body inhalation exposure chambers. To determine the level of genotoxicity, Chromosomal aberration (CA) assay in splenic lymphocytes and Supravital micronucleus (SMN) assay were performed. Then, signal pathway in the lung was analyzed. In the genotoxicity experiments, the increases of aberrant cells were concentration-dependent. Also, PMs-arsenic caused peripheral blood micronucleus frequency at high concentration. The inhalation of PMs-Arsenic increased an expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt: protein kinase B) and phpsphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) at high concentration group. Taken together, inhaled PMs-Arsenic caused genotoxicity and altered Akt signaling pathway in the lung. Therefore, the inhalation of PMs-Arsenic needs for a careful risk assessment in the workplace.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2011

현대사회는 많은 교통수단이 이용되고 있으며, 그 중 수도권 도시철도는 하루 평균 721만명이 사용하는 중요한 교통수단이다. 실내공기질에 대한 관심과 PSD의 설치로 인해 터널내공기질 문제에서 객실내 공기질로 이동하고 있다. 하지만 현재 객실내 공기질 향상을 위한 장치는 전무한 상태이며 기존 에어필터 기술 적용시 설치비용과 유지보수가 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 연구의 최종목표는 미세먼지와 이산화탄소를 효과적으로 저감시킬수 있는 독립형 청정장치를 개발하는 것이고, 본 연구에서는 미세먼지 저감기능을 수행하는 롤필터 집진 장치개발을 목적으로 한다. 객실내 롤필터 집진장치를 설치할 수 있는 공간에 대해 조사하고, 이에 따른 도시철도 객실 먼지저감에 효과적인 시스템 구조를 제시하였으며, 적정 풍량을 산정하다. 유동해석과 먼지저감효율에 대한 수치해석적 연구를 통해 최적운영 조건을 분석하였다. 그리고 롤필터에 적용가능한 필터재질에 대하여 차압특성과 입자포집효율을 평가하여 객실 유닛에 가장 적합한 필터를 선정하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2012

Objectives: High concentrations of airborne particulate matters (PM) can affect the health of passengers using public transportation. The objectives of this research were to develop a PM control system for a railway cabin and to evaluate the performance of the device under conditions of an actual journey. Methods: This study measured the concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ simultaneously in a reference cabin and a cabin with the PM control device. Results: The average $PM_{10}$ concentration in the reference cabin was 100 ${\mu}g/m^3$, and the $PM_{10}$ concentration in the cabin with the control device was 79 ${\mu}g/m^3$. While the overall control efficiency of the control device was 15.4%, reduction was more effective for peak $PM_{10}$ concentration. However, $PM_{2.5}$ levels did not differ greatly between the reference cabin and the cabin with the control device. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}$ to $PM_{10}$ was 0.37. $PM_{10}$ concentrations in cabins were not associated with ambient concentrations, indicating that the main sources of $PM_{10}$ were present in cabins. Additionally, average $CO_2$ concentration in the cabins was 1,359 ppm, less than the maximum of 2,000 ppm set out by the Korean Ministry of Environment's guideline. The $CO_2$ concentration in cabins was significantly associated with the number of passengers: the in-cabin concentration = $23.4{\times}N+460.2$, where N is the number of passengers. Conclusions: Application of the PM control device can improve $PM_{10}$ concentration, especially at peak levels but not $PM_{2.5}$ concentration.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.555-566
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• 1996

In order to assess the long-term airborne concentrations of 6 metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, K, and Na and the associated health resk, a great number of PM-10 samples were collected and analyzed in Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus for three years from 1991 to 1993. The 3-year average concentration of Pb in respirable particulate matters was 142.6 ng/m$^{3}$ while that of Zn was 1,210.5ng/m$^{3}$. The corresponding hazard index from Pb Zn for the ingalation route was estimated to be 9.5.times.10$^{-2}$ and 3.5.times.10$^{-2}$ , respectively. Therefore, it can be said that there was no adverse chronic health effects by airborne Pb and Zn. However, the 2-year average concentration of Cr(6) was estimated to be 1.3ng/m$^{3}$ shile the 3-year average concentration of Cd was 3.1ng/m$^{3}$. The total cancer risk by these two metals for the inhalation route was estimated to be about 7.2.times.10$^{-6}$ . This order-of-magnitude risk estimate suggests that the ingalation risk in the study area from all carcinogenic metals including As and Ni (subsulfide) might exceed the acceptable risk criteria of 10$^{-5}$ -10$^{-6}$ by U.S.EPA.For a better risk assessment in the future, alveolar deposition of PM-10 in the study area were also discussed and an assessment was done.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2000

The mass fraction of PM10 had a bimodal distribution in the middle of between 2.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and the average mass fraction of particles less than 2.1~3.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was 54.1% for Pb and 890.8 ng/㎥ for Fe, respectively. For the concentration of PM10 and metallic elements by seasonal variation, PM10 showed bimodal distribution, while metallic elements showed different distributions by their sources. The ratios of fine particles to total mass were 0.45 for PM10, 0.41 for Cr, and 0.20 for Fe, 0.57 for Zn, 0.68 for Cd and 0.63 for Pb, respectively. That facts indicated that PM10, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were from anthropogenic sources, and Fe was from natural source. The geometric means and geometric standard deviations by seasonal variations were 3.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.31 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in winter, 3.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.49 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in spring, 2.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.03 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in summer respectively. And, total efficiency of cascade impactor by seasonal variations were 49.6% in winter, 45.9% in spring and 44.5% in summer.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.367-370
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• 2018

Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme that is found in most of body fluids. Lysozyme in tears plays a primary role in protecting eye from harmful environments; if lysozyme is degraded or inhibited, eyes are likely to be more vulnerable to bacterial infection. In this study, lysozyme activity was evaluated according to varying concentrations of heavy metals, copper, zinc, cobalt and manganese and light metal, calcium that are frequently found in airborne particulate matters and was assayed using a dye-quenching lysozyme substrate, Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Less fluorescence intensity was observed with increasing amounts of copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt but not with calcium suggesting that these metals have some affinity with lysozyme and inhibit lysozyme activity. When albumin, the second most common protein in tears, was added on the reaction of lysozyme and metals, lysozyme activity was partially restored. This finding suggests that the albumin might protect damage caused by metals on lysozyme. To identify whether the decrease in enzymatic activity was related to structural changes of lysozyme, SDS-PAGE was conducted and only with copper did lysozyme show marked smearing bands on the SDS-gel, meaning that copper degraded lysozyme consistent with the sharpest activity decrease.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

직경 $10{\mu}m$ 미만의 대기 미립자 물질(particulate matter, PM10)은 다양한 신체기관에서 산화 스트레스와 염증반응을 유발한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)에서 PM10에 의해 유도되는 반응성 산소종(ROS) 생성의 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 배양된 HEK를 PM10에 노출시켰을 때 ROS가 증가하였으며, 이는 항산화제 apocynin에 의해 저해되었다. PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS 생성에서 NADPH oxidase(NOX) family의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 이들의 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. PM10은 NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX)1 및 DUOX2의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. 다른 NOX들에 비교하여 DUOX1 및 DUOX2의 발현 수준이 높았으며, 이들 효소의 maturation factors, 즉 DUOXA1와 DUOXA2의 mRNA 발현도 PM10에 의하여 증가하였다. 칼슘 의존성 효소인 DUOX1과 DUOX2가 PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS의 생성을 매개하는지 조사하였다. 선택적인 세포내 칼슘 킬레이터인 BAPTA-AM은 PM10 및 칼슘 ionophore A23187에 유도된 ROS 생성을 감소시켰다. 작은 간섭 RNA (siRNA)에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 PM10에 의해 유도된 ROS의 생성을 감소시켰고 DUOX1 siRNA는 영향이 없었다. PM10은 interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8 및 interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ 등 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시켰다. siRNA에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 $IFN-{\gamma}$의 발현을 저해하였지만 다른 사이토카인의 발현은 저해하지 않았다. 본 연구는 PM10에 노출된 HEK의 ROS 생성 및 염증 반응에서 DUOX2가 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Airborne particulate matters have two modes of size distributions of coarse mode and fine mode. The coarse mode which is formed by break down mechanism of large particles has a peak around the $100\;{\mu}m$, and the fine mode formed by condensation and build up mechanism of evaporated vapors has a peak at several ${\mu}m$. The coarse mode particles can be removed easily by conventional collecting equipments such as a cyclone, an electrostatic precipitator, and a filter, however the fine mode particles can not be collected easily. Usually the fine mode particles are generated in the high temperature conditions especially through boilers and incinerators, so the high efficient and temperature filter is essential for the filtration. In this study, a nano ceramic filter for the removal of fine particles in the high temperature is developed and tested for several characteristics. The nano ceramic filter has double layer of micro and nano structure and the pressure drop and the filtration efficiency for $0.31\;{\mu}m$ at 3 cm/s are 15.45 mmAq, and 96.75%, respectively. The thermal conductivity is $0.038\;W/m{\cdot}K$, and the coefficient of water vapor permeability is $3.63\;g/m^2{\cdot}h{\cdot}mmHg$. It is considered that the sensible heat exchange rate is very poor because the low thermal conductivity but it has high potential to exchange latent heat.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.600-607
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• 2010

2008년 동아시아 대륙에서 발생기원이 다른 먼지(황사)와 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례를 NOAA위성 RGB 합성영상과 지상 입경별 분진(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$)의 질량농도 관측으로 분석하였다. 또한 Terra/Aqua 위성 MODIS(Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 센서의 AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)와 FW(Fine aerosol Weighting)를 통해 동아시아 지역에서 발생기원이 다른 대기 에어로졸의 분포와 입자 크기 특성을 분석하였다. 중국 북부와 몽골, 그리고 중국 황토고원에서 모래폭풍이 발생하여 광역적으로 이동하여 청원에 먼지입자(황사)로 영향을 주는 6 개의 사례분석을 실시하였다. 질량농도 TSP중 $PM_{10}$은 70%, $PM_{2.5}$는 16%로 조대입자(> $2.5\;{\mu}m$)의 비율이 큰 것은 사막과 반사막의 자연적 발생원에서 생성되었기 때문이다. 그러나, 모래 폭풍이 이동 과정에서 중국 동부의 산업 지역을 거쳐 유입하는 사례에서는 TSP 중 $PM_{2.5}$가 23%까지 증가하기도 했다. 중국 동부로부터 황해를 거쳐 한반도로 유입한 5개 다른 사례의 경우, TSP 중 $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$가 각각 82, 65%로 나타났다. 이와 같이 $PM_{2.5}$의 상대적 비율이 증가한 것은 인위적 오염입자의 영향 때문이다. 동아시아 지역에서 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례에 대한 평균 AOD는 $0.42{\pm}0.17$로 황사에 의한 AOD($0.36{\pm}0.13$)와 비교하여 대기 에어로졸에 대한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 특히, 중국 동부에서 황해, 한반도, 동해에 이르는 광역적 지역에 AOD값이 높게 분포했다. 인위적 오염입자의 사례는 FW가 평균 $0.63{\pm}0.16$로 모래폭풍의 이동 사례의 $0.52{\pm}0.13$ 보다 높은 값을 보였다. 이는 대기 에어로졸에 대한 인위적 미세 오염 입자의 기여도가 클 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.