• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.225-229
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• 2016

결핵이란 결핵균에 의한 만성 감염질환으로 결핵균이 포함된 비말액을 통해 공기감염을 일으킨다. 대부분의 결핵감염자는 전염력이 없는 잠복감염상태만 유지하나 10%의 감염자 중 절반은 감염 후 1~2년 안에 발병하게 된다. 결핵감염자와 접촉이 있는 학생 74명을 대상으로 결핵 감염자 접촉관련 사전 조사 및 흉부 X-선 검사, TST 검사 및 IGRA 검사를 실시하였다. 1차 TST 검사에서 양성자는 9명, 음성은 65명으로 나타났으며, 음성 판독자는 2차 TST검사를, 양성 판독자는 IGRA 검사를 실시하였다. 1차 TST 양성자 9명 중 IGRA 검사에서 3명이 양성자로 나와 잠복 결핵감염 치료를 실시하였다. 1차 TST결과 음성자에 대한 재확인 TST 검사는 1차와 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 잠복결핵감염율은 74명중 3명으로 4.05%로 나타났고, 잠복결핵감염자 색출을 위해서 다른 그룹에 대한 조사도 필요하다.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2017

Purpose: Since the facility guidelines for National Designated Isolation Unit wards(NDIUs) had been edited since 2016, all hospital who want to expand or install NDIU should adapt the new guidelines. Instead of providing area requirement, by the way, only essential or optional facility requirements are suggested except patient bedroom in the guidelines. So, as analyze area and area composition of the NDIUs, it could be expected that this study has a role as an area planing reference for not only NDIU but also another airborne infection isolation room. Methods: For the area analysis, 18 sample hospitals are selected among 2016 year applicants. All rooms in NDIUs are grouped as zones whether those are negative air pressurized or not and programed room or not. At the end, area of the zones are summarized and analysed a relationship between area increase and bed number by both correlation analysis and regression analysis. In addition, department usable and gross area per bed, N/G ratio, G/N ratio, and average area ratio of each zone is calculated. Results: First of all, rooms in none negative air pressurized zone of the NDIUs haven't shown a regular installation so that only those in negative air pressurized zone are targeted for the area analysis. Second of all, patient room unit(0.92) and support area(0.79), by correlation analysis, are correlated with total net area. Patient room unit(0.94) and total net area(0.79) are also shown a correlation with bed number. Department usable area($R^2=0.63$, y=36.278x + 102) and patient room unit area($R^2=0.89$, y= 27.993x - 0.8924) has a relationship with bed number by regression analysis. Average N/G is shown as 0.85 and G/N 1.36. Average area ratio of circulation, doffing area, patient room unit, and support area are 25.4%, 9.1%, 50.9%, and 14.6% in order. Implications: This study is a basic research for exploring the NDIUs guidelines to find resonable evidence to develop it for its practical use. Still, it is possibly expected that the guideline is to be developed by post occupancy evaluation in the area of where minimum requirement or facility grade needs to be defined, and by further studies with various perspectives.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2022

In this work, virion concentration and its dose changes by HVAC and air cleaners were estimated in a subway station platform to control airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. Collection efficiencies with particle size were measured for the air filter equipped in a HVAC in one subway station in Daejeon. Indoor PM_2.5 changes according to outdoor PM_2.5 with time were also measured to estimate air infiltration rate in the subway station platform. When infected persons generate virions by 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 3 × 10⁶ and 5 × 10⁶ h^-1 in a 2,400 m³ volume platform, the concentration and dose were estimated as 9, 92, 275 and 458 virions/m³ and 4, 43, 130 and 217 virions after 1 hour exposure, respectively. The concentration and dose were reduced by 70%, and 64%, respectively by operations of both HVAC (with a flow rate of 16,000 m³/h, MERV 11) and ten air cleaners(with total CADR 10,740 m³/h) compared to those without operation of both HVAC and air cleaners. However, virion dose in the platform was estimated to be too low at the general conditions due to a large space, a high air infiltration (3 h^-1) and a short residence time (usually < 10 mins) in the platform irrespective of the operations of HVAC or air cleaners. HVAC with filters and air cleaners would be more necessary in the concourse or shopping areas in the subway stations to reduce the infection dose from a few hundred to several tens virions in a hour.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to provide basic data for the future construction plans of the Infectious Disease Hospitals by analyzing the area composition and required room ratios in the wards and ICU of currently under-construction infectious disease hospitals. Methods: 3 Methods have been used in this paper. 1) This study conducted a literature review on major considerations and related guidelines for hospitals specializing in infectious diseases using existing data. 2) Based on the objects and activities of the hospital space, zones and areas were set for each department according to infection control. 3) Based on the established zones and areas, basic plan drawings of three hospitals specializing in infectious diseases currently under construction were collected and architectural drawing analysis was performed. Results: 1) Infectious Diseases Hospital must have a spatial organization that can accommodate patient isolation, infection control, efficiency of medical service, and changes. 2) Zones for infection control are divided into negative pressure and non-negative pressure zones based on airborne precaution isolation. It is divided into clean and contaminated zone according to class of cleanliness by Aseptic technique. Areas are classified by objects (patients, healthcare workers, supplies) and activities (access, medical treatment, support), and a system for organizing space is established based on this. 3) By analyzing the area composition of each departmental area, each required room, and each required space in the wards and intensive care units, it provides basic data for the spatial organization for architectural planning of the infectious disease hospital. Implication: It can be used as basic data when planning related facilities by analyzing the characteristics of the space plan of the required room according to the relationship between activities, movement lines, and operation plans based on user behavior.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

Purpose: Currently, research on environmental conditions and finishing materials for medical facilities with proven antiviral performance is poor in Korea. Through this study, we have explored environmental characteristics and finishing materials that can be used to control cross-infection when constructing medical facilities. Methods: Experiments in overseas papers related to antiviral effects of environmental conditions, spatial compartments, and interior finishes have been analyzed. Results: The higher the temperature, the higher the humidity, and the higher the illuminance of sunlight, the lower the viability of the corona-virus. The proliferation of viruses was suppressed on the surface of the copper alloy. Materials such as brushed steel are the ones that maintain the strongest viability. Among the characteristics of the surface, survival and propagation power differ depending on whether it is porous or hydrophilic. In the case of infection ward actually operated in Italy, the presence of airborne viruses in contaminated and non-contaminated spaces differed significantly. Corona-virus has been identified in reachable parts such as door handles and medical shelves in quasi-contaminated spaces, which are spaces between contaminated and non-contaminated spaces, but the corona-virus has not been identified in cases of out-of-touch walls. Implications: It is necessary to evaluate the performance by testing the construction finishing materials of infection control facilities according to domestic conditions.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1982

The incidence of hospital infection has been seriously increased in the general hospital in recent years. This study was performed on hospital air and materials in a General Hospital in Seoul from June to December in 1980. The results were as follows: 1. Air sampling was done in multiple strategic areas by exposing standard petridishes for 5 minutes. There was a significant difference of airborne microbe between places. ($F._{99}$ = 3.2, p < 0.01). 2. The mean colony count was 8.6$\pm$6.2 colonies / plate / 5 minutes. 3. Gram stains of colony in air sampling were Gram (+) cocci 66.5%. Gram (+) rod 18.4%, Gram (-) cocci 1.3%, Gram (-) rod 8.7% Fungus 4.5%. 4. For the evaluation of sterilization of steam sterilizer and ethylene oxide gas sterilizer, biological monitoring were done by commercial spore strip. Positive culture was obtained in 2 out of 41 tests on 3 steam sterilizers, and in 3 out of 13 tests on ethylene oxide gas sterilizer. 5. Product sampling and culture were done for 2 kinds of disinfectants and 30 sets of various operation package or dressing materials. Positive culture was obtained in one disinfectants.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2023

2019년 12월에 발생한 COVID-19는 세계적으로 대유행하였고, 이로 인해 폐기능검사실의 안전한 감염관리가 절실히 요구되었다. 그러나 국내 유관 기관에서 제공하는 지침과 규제는 이 심각한 공중보건 위기에 대응하기에는 부족한 실정이었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2021년 10월 1일부터 2021년 11월 2일까지 국내 2차 이상 의료기관 51개를 대상으로 감염관리 기본규정, 일회용품 사용, 환기 시설, 공간 분리, 출입문의 형태 등에 대해 조사하였다. 그 결과, 공기 주의, 비말 주의, 접촉 주의를 위한 인식과 보호용구착용은 상당 부분 적절히 이루어지고 있었으나, 1인 검사 후 환경소독을 항상 시행하는 기관이 39.22%로 낮은 수준으로 조사되었다. 또한, 일회용품 사용(81.05%), 환기 시설(45.75%), 검사 전용 공간(80.39%), 사무 공간 분리(15.69%), 자동문 설치(19.61%)의 경우 조사 항목에 따라 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 폐기능검사실의 감염관리의 일반적 사항과 시설의 실태조사를 통해 폐기능검사실의 감염관리의 중요성을 재고하고, 국내 의료기관의 감염병 위기 대응을 위한 후속 연구에 기초 정보를 제공함으로써, 폐기능검사실의 감염관리 표준 지침서 개발 및 개선에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2015

Since April 2012, more than 1,600 laboratory-confirmed human infections with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported, occurring primarily in countries in the Arabian Peninsula; the majority in Saudi Arabia. The MERS outbreak in Korea, which began in May 2015 through the importation of a single case who had recently traveled to Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. As of November 28th, 186 secondary and tertiary cases had been reported; 38 deaths, mainly associated with underlying chronic illnesses, were reported. One case was exported to China and has been recorded as the first MERS case in China. Thirty-seven confirmed cases were associated with the index case, who was hospitalized from May 15 to May 17. Emergency room at one of the nation's largest hospitals had been affected by hospital-to-hospital and intra-hospital transmissions of MERS-CoV, resulting in an outbreak of 90 infected patients. The vast majority of 186 confirmed cases are linked to a single transmission chain associated with health facilities. The median age of patients is 55 years, with a range of 16 to 87 years. The majority (61%) of patients are men. Twenty-five (14%) of the cases involve healthcare workers. The overall median incubation period was six days, but it was four days for secondary cases and six days for tertiary cases. There has been no evidence of airborne transmission and sustained human-to-human transmission in communities. Intensified public health measures, including contact tracing, quarantine and isolation of all contacts and suspected cases, and infection prevention and control have brought the MERS-CoV under control in Korea. Since 4 July no new cases have been reported.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2013

Varicella (chickenpox) is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by primary infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Following the resolution of chickenpox, the virus can remain dormant in the dorsal sensory and cranial ganglion for decades. Shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]) is a neurocutaneous disease caused by reactivation of latent VZV and may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is characterized by dermatomal pain persisting for more than 120 days after the onset of HZ rash, or "well-established PHN", which persist for more than 180 days. Vaccination with an attenuated form of VZV activates specific T-cell production, thereby avoiding viral reactivation and development of HZ. It has been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence by approximately 50-70%, the duration of pain of HZ, and the frequency of subsequent PHN in individuals aged ${\geq}50$ years in clinical studies. However, it has not proved efficacious in preventing repeat episodes of HZ and reducing the severity of PHN, nor has its long-term efficacy been demonstrated. The most frequent adverse reactions reported for HZ vaccination were injection site pain and/or swelling and headache. In addition, it should not be administrated to children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons or those allergic to neomycin or any component of the vaccine.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2020

Tuberculosis is airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Host genetic factors of these tuberculosis play an important role in determining individual difference in susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases including tuberculosis. CD247 is named CD3zeta chain or CD3ζ. CD247 gene is a protein-coding gene involved in phagocytosis and signal transduction of the T cell receptor (TCR). Also, downregulation of the CD3ζ chain has been associated to chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to research association of the genetic polymorphisms for CD247 gene and tuberculosis. We analyzed association of CD247 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis using 149 imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with Korean population. And the results of this study show that seven SNPs of CD247 were identified to associate with tuberculosis. The most significant SNP was rs858545 (OR=1.22, CI: 1.05~1.42, P=0.009481). This study suggests that polymorphisms of CD247 may affect the T cell receptor signaling pathway, which may associate the infection of tuberculosis.