• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2005

This study was carried out to analyze to the flavor components of Lindera obtusiloba BL leaf teas by different processing methods. 81 kinds of flavor components in the masted tea, 78 in the roasted tea after steaming, 88 in the withered tea, 86 in the fermented tea, 72 in the steamed tea, and 89 in the air dried tea ware by GC/MS. Hydrocarbones in Lindera obtusiloba BL leaf teas were 45 kinds of $\beta-piepne$, and 16 kinds of alcohols such as Linalool, n-octanoal, phenyl acetaldehyde, $(-)-\alpha-terpineol$, elemol, and cholest-5-en-3-ol. 11 kinds of ketones sachas 2-ethyl-2- propyl-cyclohexanone, and 8 kinds of aldehydes sach as phenyl acetaldehyde, tetradecanal, 10-undecanal, 4-Bromo-2-methylbutanal were found. Esters were methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienate, didodecyl phthalace, 1,2-benzenediccarbaboxy acid-bis (2-ethylhexyl)ester and phenols was 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.154-163
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• 2005

Chemical and flavor components of Bulro Kugi (Lycium chinense Mill) fruit leaf, and root were compared. Fructose and glucose were detected in fruit and leaf, and sucrose in root, respectively. Citrate was the highest among organic acids in fruits, and malate in leaf and root Capsaicin was detected in leaf and root. Volatile flavor compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction method using Likens and Nickerson's extraction apparatus. Concentrated flavor extract was analysed, and 128 compounds, including 22 acids 15 alcohols, 12 aldehydes, 8 esters, 10 furans, 26 hydrocarbons, 4 phenols, 2 pyrroles, 1 pyrazine, and 28 miscellaneous components. were identified by GC and GC-MS. Main volatile compounds were hexadecanoic acid and 2-furancarboxaldehyde in hot-air dried fruit, hexadecanoic acid and 1-hexadecene in fresh fruit, 3, 7, 11, 15-tetranethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol and hexadecanoir acid in leaf, and hexadecanoic acid in root.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1998

Air current speeds were controlled of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 m.s$^{-1}$ to investigate the effects of air current speeds on the growth of eggplant plug seedlings (Solanum melongena L.) in a wind tunnel under artificial lighting. Growth of plug seedlings was influenced by the magnitude of air current speed and the traveling distance of regulated air flow. Stem length. ratio of length to diameter in stem, plant height .and number of leaves of plug seedlings decreased with the increasing air current speed and were significantly different at 5% level. Net photosynthetic rates of plug stand increased with the increasing air current speed and took a maximum value at the air current speed of 0.7~09 m.s$^{-1}$ . Stem diameter decreased and leaf area increased with the traveling distance of regulated air flow. Fresh weight and T/R ratio of dried weight were not influenced by the air current speed. Optimum control for microclimates inside the plug stand is needed to produce the uniform growth and high quality of plug seedlings in a semi-closed plant Production system under artificial lighting.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.983-990
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• 2023

This study was conducted to develop a preservation technology that can induce changes in physicochemical properties to effectively utilize of persimmon leaves. The application effects of steaming or freezing technique were investigated. Astringent persimmon leaves were steam-blanched (100℃, 30 sec) or frozen (-20℃, 15 d), followed by hot-air drying (50℃). The physicochemical properties of the extract obtained by hot-water leaching from the dried leaves were compared. The extract of leaves dried without pretreatment was used as a control. L* value was higher in steamed than in control and frozen. a* value was highest in the control. The browning index was higher in the frozen and lower in the steamed than in the control. Soluble solids were the highest in the steamed and the lowest in the frozen. Sucrose content was relatively high in the steamed, and the glucose and fructose contents were relatively high in the frozen. Total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were higher in steamed and lower in frozen than in control. Thus, it was confirmed that steam or freeze pretreatment after harvesting persimmon leaves affects the extraction yield, color, antioxidant capacity and component changes of dried persimmon leaves. Unlike steaming, freezing pretreatment showed the effect of promoting decomposition and browning reactions, and it is considered useful when such an effect is needed.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-106
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• 2003

Among silkworm diseases, white muscardine is the most virulent and contagious disease caused by Beauveria bassiana and common during winter and rainy seasons. The disease is managed at present by practicing the silkworm body and rearing seat disinfection to prevent the spread of white muscardine during silkworm rearing as the available methods do not cure the silkworms against white muscardine. The use of systemic fungicide was suggested recently to control white muscardine. The present study investigated the practicability of application aspect of systemic fungicide as spray, It is observed that 3 times feeding of systemic fungicide through mulberry leaf, fed immediately after third, fourth moult and on $4^{th}$ day of final instar as most effective in suppressing the multiplication of the fungus in silkworm. Spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in the rearing house, air-dried and feeding was suggested as suitable application method. Alternately the spraying of the systemic fungicide on mulberry in mulberry garden 6 hrs prior to feeding was also suggested as a method for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of $CO_2$ concentration(310 or 950$\mu$ mol.mol$^{-1}$ ) and air current speed(0.3, 0.5, 0.7 or 0.9m.s$^{-1}$ ) on the growth and development of eggp1ant Plug seedlings (Solanum melongena L.) under artificial 1ighting. For the treatment of $CO_2$ enrichment, stem length and diameter, the ratio of stem length to stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, top dried weight were significantly different at 1% level. Stem length of plug seedlings decreased at the condition under enriched $CO_2$ and high air current speed above plug stand. Stem diameter of plug seedlings increased and plant height decreased with the increasing $CO_2$ concentration. Plug seedlings had maximum net photosynthetic rate at the air current speed of 0.7m.s$^{-1}$ . Net photosynthetic rate at $CO_2$ concentration of 950$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ increased by 46% than those at 310$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ . Thus $CO_2$ enrichment would be effective for the production of plug seedlings with high quality.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

Panax ginseng leaf tea was developed for the functional benefit of health, preference and convenience. The leaves of 4-year-old ginseng were selected in July and August. The ginseng leaf was treated by three methods : heat processed tea(HPT), aged tea(AGT) and hot-air dried tea(DRT). The contents and compositions of their crude saponin of ginseng leaves were measured. 1. The content of crude saponin of HPT was the higher than other treatments. The content of HPT was 18.72∼18.82％, ACT 18.24∼18.29％ and DRT 17.02∼17.17％. 2. The harvest time and treatment methods were not affect the composition of ginsenoside in ginseng leaf tea. The ginsenoside-Re was shown the highest value as 1.97∼2.15. And ginsenoside-Rd was 1.48∼1.79, -Rg$_1$ 1.33∼1.58 and -Rb, -Rb$_2$, -Rc in the order. 3. The content of protopanaxadiol(PD) and protopanaxatriol(PT) was shown that DRT was 1.11∼1.13, HPT 1.09～l.12 and AGT 0.92∼1.02. The content of PD and PT were shown similar result at any harvest time. 4. The contents of crude saponin extracted by hot-water at 5 min was the higher ratios in HPT and harvested in July than other treatments. The content of crude saponin of ginseng leaf harvested in July was 15.88% and HPT was 16.88%. The order of contents of ginsenoside were -Re, -Rd, -Rg$_1$, -Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$, and - Rc. The extraction ratio of crude saponin extracted by the circulated extraction method in 8 hours and 5 min extraction were 81.74∼84.38％. And HPT of ginseng leaf harvested in July was the highest value 84.3％ but the extraction ratio of ginsenoside was 78.00～88.13%. But the extraction ratio of ginsenoside was similar trend in all treatments.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2017

Objectives: The current investigation was carried out to determine the cytotoxic and the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Plumbago zeylanica. Methods: The stems, leaves, and whole plants were air dried and extracted with methanol by using a Soxhlet extractor for 72 hours at $55-60^{\circ}C$. The antimicrobial activities were determined from the zones of inhibition, which were measured by using the agar well diffusion method, and the cytotoxicity assays were performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. Results: The methanolic extracts of the stem and the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica were tested against six bacterial species and nine fungal species, and both extracts showed antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner. The leaf extract of Plumbago zeylanica showed maximum antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus sub sp aureus and Fusarium oxysporum. The stem extract was found to be more antimicrobial against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Penicillium expansum species. MTT assays were used to test the cytotoxicity of the whole plant extract in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines, and that extract was shown to have weak cytotoxicity in both cell lines. Conclusion: In the present study, the methanolic stem extracts of Plumbago zeylanica were found to possess remarkable antibacterial activities against many human and agricultural pathogens. The extracts were also found to possess significant antifungal activities, but the antifungal activities were less than the antibacterial activities. Finally, the extracts were found to have weak cytotoxicities in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

Panax ginseng leaves are produced as the by-product when Panax ginseng roots were harvested. The Panax ginseng leaves was examed for the applicable possibility as the functional food. In this study, the changes in chemical composition of Panax ginseng leaves was examed by three methods as the hot-air dried(DRT), the aged tea(AGT) and the heat processed tea(HPT). The general composition of Panax ginseng leaves tea was shown as similar results in 3 different process methods. The level of the crude lipid and reducing sugar concentration were decreased slightly in HPT. The free sugar content of DRT was higher than the HPT and AGT. The existence of the higher content of free sugar composition in order are sucrose, fructose and glucose. The concentration of serine was the highest in the free amino acids, which were shown from 309.6 mg% to 336.6 mg%. The contents of free amino acid in Panax ginseng leaves made by DRT was higher than by AGT and HPT. The concentration of Ca was shown as the highest content among the minerals and was 2,115 mg%. The contents of minerals were existed in order of Ca, K, Mg, P, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. But there were hardly any remarkable differences of mineral concentrations of Panax ginseng leaves tea made by different processing methods. The concentration of water soluble solid of Panax ginseng leaves tea processed by HPT was higher than by DRT and AGT. The concentration of ascorbic acid was shown the highest value of 424.4mg% in HPT. There was no differences in the fatty acid composition according to their processing methods. The concentration of palmitic acid was higher than that of other fatty acid. The order of fatty acid concentration were palmitic aicd, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid, abundantly. As a conclusion, HPT was shown as the best process method for the production of Panax ginseng leaves tea.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1651-1660
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• 1969

The purpose of this study is to find out the reasonable amount of evapo-transpiration required for the paddy rice plant during the whole growing season. So. On the basis of the experimental data concerning the evapo-transpiration form 1966 to 1968, the author obtained the follow results. 1) The leaf area index in the densely planted plo is generally higher than that in the conventionally planted one during the first half of growing season So, the coefficient of transpiration in the former plot is somewaht higher than in the latter, and the coefficient of water surface evaporation under the plant cover has the inverse relation between both plots. 2) It is unreasonable that coefficient of evapo-transpiration is applied to the calculation of the evapo-transpiration requirements of each growing stage, because a degree of variation in meteorological factors and in the thickness of the plant growth is involved in it. 3) It is most reasonable that the rate of transpiration and of the water surface evapoation is applied to the calculation of the transpirated amount and evaporated one in each growing stage, because it shows almost constant value in spite of any meteorological conditions in so far as the variety of rice, planted density and control of applying fertilizer are sanme and the disease and blight are negligible. 4) The ratio of the amount of transpiration to the weight of the whole air dried yields has the tendency of decreasing as that of the yields increases having almost constant value despite the amount of pan evaporation; and the value is about 210 when the weight of root parts is included to that the yields. 5) Although the required amount of transpiration during the whole growing season can be calculated with the above ratio, Fig. 7 showing the relation between the amount of transpiration and the weight of the yields is more reasonable and will be convinient to find it. And the requirements of water surface evaporation during the same season can also be directly found witht theweight air dried straw refering to Fig. 8.